Seasonal increase in sea temperature triggers pancreas disease outbreaks in Norwegian salmon farms

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 739-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Stene ◽  
B Bang Jensen ◽  
Ø Knutsen ◽  
A Olsen ◽  
H Viljugrein
Keyword(s):  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Pancreas Disease ◽  
Sea Temperature

scholarly journals Improving marine disease surveillance through sea temperature monitoring, outlooks and projections

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1689) ◽  
pp. 20150208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Maynard ◽  
Ruben van Hooidonk ◽  
C. Drew Harvell ◽  
C. Mark Eakin ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Shell Disease ◽  
Fishery Collapse

To forecast marine disease outbreaks as oceans warm requires new environmental surveillance tools. We describe an iterative process for developing these tools that combines research, development and deployment for suitable systems. The first step is to identify candidate host–pathogen systems. The 24 candidate systems we identified include sponges, corals, oysters, crustaceans, sea stars, fishes and sea grasses (among others). To illustrate the other steps, we present a case study of epizootic shell disease (ESD) in the American lobster. Increasing prevalence of ESD is a contributing factor to lobster fishery collapse in southern New England (SNE), raising concerns that disease prevalence will increase in the northern Gulf of Maine under climate change. The lowest maximum bottom temperature associated with ESD prevalence in SNE is 12°C. Our seasonal outlook for 2015 and long-term projections show bottom temperatures greater than or equal to 12°C may occur in this and coming years in the coastal bays of Maine. The tools presented will allow managers to target efforts to monitor the effects of ESD on fishery sustainability and will be iteratively refined. The approach and case example highlight that temperature-based surveillance tools can inform research, monitoring and management of emerging and continuing marine disease threats.

MEASLES VIRUS ELIMINATION: RESOLVED ISSUES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Kseniia Artemivna Veklych
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Complete Elimination ◽  
Virus Elimination ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Measles Outbreaks

Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by an RNA−containing virus of the family Paramyxoviridae and Morbillivirus genus. The most proper way to stop it is a total vaccination. At the moment, live attenuated strains of the Enders − Schwartz measles virus are used to conduct it. Although they were developed more than 50 years ago, the vaccines in use today are effective enough to create a proper immune protection that can defend against an infection for decades, if the vaccination schedule is followed. The vast majority of measles outbreaks that have been reported in Europe over the last seven years have been caused by a lack of an immune response resulting from the unprecedented coverage of the population with vaccination. The measles outbreak observed in the adult and child population of Ukraine since December 2018 indicates the need and urgency of additional efforts to curb the spread and complete elimination of the measles virus. It has been determined that more than 95 % of the population should be vaccinated to ensure an elimination of measles virus and prevent the disease outbreaks after the virus has been imported from the countries that are still endemic to measles. It is noted that as a result of successful implementation of vaccination programs, the public's attention to measles is diminished even among physicians who sometimes have a rather dubious understanding of the disease symptoms. Ensuring a complete elimination of the measles virus requires the development and implementation of additional laboratory tests for immunity, development and realization of new, more polyvalent vaccines that are more readily accepted by population, increased awareness on safety and necessity of vaccination, as well as regulation. Key words: measles, immunity, elimination, epidemiological control, vaccination.

The CDC Field Epidemiology Manual

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Incident Management ◽  
The Public ◽  
Field Epidemiology ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Multiple State ◽  
Prompt Action ◽  
Collection And Management

The CDC Field Epidemiology Manual is the definitive resource for the most up-to-date guidance for epidemiologists and other experts conducting field investigations to address acute public health concerns that require prompt action. This latest edition (an update of the 3rd edition of the popular book Field Epidemiology, edited by Dr. Michael Gregg) offers practical advice to guide investigators through the core elements of field investigations, beginning with initiating operations and ending with developing interventions and communicating findings to the public. The manual also provides special considerations to address challenges that often arise during field investigations, such as addressing legal issues, working with multiple state and federal agencies, navigating a multinational outbreak investigation, and working within an incident management structure. The manual includes updated information on using new tools for field investigations, such as the latest technologies for data collection and management and incorporating data from geographic information systems (GIS). Finally, the manual includes tips for investigations in a wide variety of settings, including healthcare and community congregate settings, and different types of outbreaks, including acute enteric disease outbreaks, those suspected to be related to intentional use of biologic and toxic agents, and outbreaks of suicide, violence, and other forms of injury. The manual is written primarily for epidemiologists who will be conducting field investigations in local, state, federal, or international settings. However, others who contribute to field investigations (e.g., laboratory scientists, lawyers, experts in public policy and communications) will also find the book to be an excellent source of information. The manual is written in an easily readable format, including boxes and bulleted points, to provide greater utility for investigators in the field.

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