Evaluation of repellents for the redbay ambrosia beetle,Xyleborus glabratus, vector of the laurel wilt pathogen

2017 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
pp. 653-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Hughes ◽  
X. Martini ◽  
E. Kuhns ◽  
J. Colee ◽  
A. Mafra-Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Xyleborus Glabratus ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle

scholarly journals First Report of Laurel Wilt Disease Caused by a Raffaelea sp. on Avocado in Florida

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 976-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Mayfield ◽  
J. A. Smith ◽  
M. Hughes ◽  
T. J. Dreaden
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Xyleborus Glabratus ◽  
Residential Neighborhood ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle

Laurel wilt is a vascular disease of redbay (Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.) and other plants in the family Lauraceae in the southeastern United States. It is caused by a fungus (Raffaelea sp.) that is vectored by a non-native insect of Asian origin, the redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff) (1). Since the initial detection of the redbay ambrosia beetle near Savannah, GA in 2002, laurel wilt has caused widespread mortality of redbay in Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida (1). In September 2007, an avocado (Persea americana Mill.) tree planted approximately 10 years earlier in a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL was discovered to be infected with laurel wilt. The crown was in various stages of decline, including upper branches that were dead and leafless, those with wilted and drooping foliage, and those with healthy foliage. Removal of bark from wilted branch sections revealed black-to-brown streaks of discoloration in the sapwood and a few ambrosia beetle holes from which the discoloration extended into the adjacent wood. A Raffaelea sp. was isolated from discolored wood samples by surface sterilizing wood chips by submersion in a 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 30 s and plating them on cycloheximide streptomycin malt agar (2). Small subunit (18S) sequences from the rDNA were amplified by PCR and sequenced with primers NS1 and NS4 (3). BLASTn searches revealed homology to Raffaelea sp. C2203 (GenBank Accession No. EU123076, 100% similarity, e-value of 0.0, and a total score of 1,886), which is known to be the causal agent of laurel wilt (1). The small-subunit rDNA sequence for this isolate has been deposited into GenBank and has been assigned accession No. EU257806. Pathogenicity of the laurel wilt pathogen on Persea spp. in growth chamber trials has been previously demonstrated (1). Laurel wilt is of concern to the commercial avocado industry and is a potential threat to the Lauraceae elsewhere in the Americas. References: (1) S. W. Fraedrich et al. Plant Dis. 92:215, 2008. (2) T. C. Harrington. Mycologia 73:1123, 1981. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols, a Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

Isolations from the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, confirm that the laurel wilt pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, originated in Asia

Mycologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1028-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Harrington ◽  
Hye Young Yun ◽  
Sheng-Shan Lu ◽  
Hideaki Goto ◽  
Dilzara N. Aghayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Xyleborus Glabratus ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle

scholarly journals Use of Semiochemicals for the Management of the Redbay Ambrosia Beetle

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Xavier Martini ◽  
Marc A. Hughes ◽  
Derrick Conover ◽  
Jason Smith
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Pull System ◽  
Xyleborus Glabratus ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Primary Vector

This review highlights current advances in the management of the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, a primary vector of the pathogenic fungus, Raffaelea lauricola, that causes laurel wilt. Laurel wilt has a detrimental effect on forest ecosystems of southeastern USA, with hundreds of millions of Lauraceae deaths. Currently, preventive measures mostly focus on infected-tree removal to potentially reduce local beetle populations and/or use of preventative fungicide applications in urban trees. Use of semiochemicals may offer an opportunity for the management of X. glabratus. Research on attractants has led to the development of α-copaene lures that are now the accepted standards for X. glabratus sampling. Research conducted on repellents first included methyl salicylate and verbenone and attained significant reduction in the number of X. glabratus captured on redbay and swamp bay trees treated with verbenone. However, the death rate of trees protected with verbenone, while lower compared to untreated trees, is still high. This work underscores the necessity of developing new control methods, including the integration of repellents and attractants into a single push-pull system.

scholarly journals Quantification of Propagules of the Laurel Wilt Fungus and Other Mycangial Fungi from the Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 1118-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Harrington ◽  
S. W. Fraedrich
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Xyleborus Glabratus ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Yeast Phase ◽  
Isolated Species

The laurel wilt pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, is a fungal symbiont of the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, which is native to Asia and was believed to have brought R. lauricola with it to the southeastern United States. Individual X. glabratus beetles from six populations in South Carolina and Georgia were individually macerated in glass tissue grinders and serially diluted to quantify the CFU of fungal symbionts. Six species of Raffaelea were isolated, with up to four species from an individual adult beetle. The Raffaelea spp. were apparently within the protected, paired, mandibular mycangia because they were as numerous in heads as in whole beetles, and surface-sterilized heads or whole bodies yielded as many or more CFU as did nonsterilized heads or whole beetles. R. lauricola was isolated from 40 of the 41 beetles sampled, and it was isolated in the highest numbers, up to 30,000 CFU/beetle. Depending on the population sampled, R. subalba or R. ellipticospora was the next most frequently isolated species. R. arxii, R. fusca, and R. subfusca were only occasionally isolated. The laurel wilt pathogen apparently grows in a yeast phase within the mycangia in competition with other Raffaelea spp.

Eucalyptol is an Attractant of the Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus Glabratus

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily H. Kuhns ◽  
Xavier Martini ◽  
Yolani Tribuiani ◽  
Monique Coy ◽  
Christopher Gibbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Xyleborus Glabratus ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle

scholarly journals Genetic Analyses of the Laurel Wilt Pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, in Asia Provide Clues on the Source of the Clone that is Responsible for the Current USA Epidemic

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler J. Dreaden ◽  
Marc A. Hughes ◽  
Randy C. Ploetz ◽  
Adam Black ◽  
Jason A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Type Locus ◽  
Xyleborus Glabratus ◽  
Genetic Structure Of Populations ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Simple Sequence

Laurel wilt is caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich and Aghayeva, a nutritional symbiont of its vector the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff. Both are native to Asia but appeared in Georgia in the early 2000s. Laurel wilt has since spread to much of the southeastern United States killing >300 million host trees in the Lauraceae plant family. The aims of this research were to elucidate the genetic structure of populations of R. lauricola, to examine its reproductive strategy, and determine how often the pathogen had been introduced to the USA. A panel of 12 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers identified 15 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) in a collection of 59 isolates from the USA (34 isolates), Myanmar (18), Taiwan (6) and Japan (1). Limited diversity in the USA isolates and the presence of one MAT idiotype (mating type locus) indicated that R. lauricola was probably introduced into the country a single time. MLG diversity was far greater in Asia than the USA. Only three closely related MLGs were detected in the USA, the most prevalent of which (30 of 34 isolates) was also found in Taiwan. Although more work is needed, the present results suggest that a Taiwanese origin is possible for the population of R. lauricola in the USA. Isolates of R. lauricola from Myanmar were distinct from those from Japan, Taiwan and the USA. Although both MAT idiotypes were present in Myanmar and Taiwan, only the population from Taiwan had the genetic structure of a sexually reproducing population.

scholarly journals Verbenone reduces landing of the redbay ambrosia beetle, vector of the laurel wilt pathogen, on live standing redbay trees

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Martini ◽  
Lanette Sobel ◽  
Derrick Conover ◽  
Agenor Mafra‐Neto ◽  
Jason Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle

Attraction of the Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, to Avocado, Lychee, and Essential Oil Lures

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 932-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Kendra ◽  
Wayne S. Montgomery ◽  
Jerome Niogret ◽  
Jorge E. Peña ◽  
John L. Capinera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Xyleborus Glabratus ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle
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