When the principal knows better than the agent: Subjective evaluations as an optimal disclosure mechanism

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-655
Author(s):  
Mengxi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
Better Than

scholarly journals Effects of the Design of Overview Maps on Three-Dimensional Virtual Environment Interfaces

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 4605
Author(s):  
Chien-Hsiung Chen ◽  
Meng-Xi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Knowledge ◽  
Screen Size ◽  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
System Usability ◽  
Better Than

This study examined how users acquire spatial knowledge in an onscreen three-dimensional virtual environment when using overview maps. This experiment adopted a three (the size of overview maps) x two (the transparency of overview maps) between-subjects design. Three levels of the size of overview maps were evaluated, i.e., 1/2, 1/8, and 1/16 screen size. Comparisons between 20% transparent and 80% transparent were made. We asked 108 participants to complete spatial perception tasks and fill out questionnaires regarding their feelings. The results indicate the following: (1) The effects of the transparency of overview maps on users’ spatial perception vary with the size of overview maps. The 80% transparent overview map is significantly more efficient than the 20% transparent overview map in the condition of 1/2 screen size. However, the result is opposite in the condition of 1/8 screen size. (2) Users like the 80% transparent overview map significantly better than the 20% transparent overview map in the condition of 1/2 screen size. (3) Concerning subjective evaluations of satisfaction, preference, and system usability, overview maps in the condition of 1/8 screen size are significantly better than those in the condition of 1/2 screen size.

Redevelopment, Displacement, Housing Conditions, and Residential Satisfaction: A Study of Shanghai

10.1068/a4168 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1090-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si-Ming Li ◽  
Yu-Ling Song
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Residential Satisfaction ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Major Conclusion ◽  
Systematic Account ◽  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
The City ◽  
Better Than

Chinese cities are undergoing massive transformation. One after another, inner-city neighbourhoods of pre-1949 origin and work-unit compounds built in the socialist period are being torn apart, giving way to glossy office towers and luxurious condominiums. Millions of people have been uprooted and forced to be relocated. Mass media and research based on case studies generally convey a message of widespread grievance among the displaced residents. Based on a survey of 1200 households conducted in Shanghai in 2006, the present study provides a systematic account of the profiles of the displaced residents, juxtaposed against other resident groups of the city. The major conclusion is that, irrespective of all the criticisms concerning unregulated demolitions and forced evictions, the housing conditions of displaced residents are somewhat better than those of other Shanghai residents, both objectively and in terms of subjective evaluations.

Warm white versus neutral white LED street lighting: Pedestrians' impressions

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1237-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Davidovic ◽  
L Djokic ◽  
A Cabarkapa ◽  
M Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
White Led ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Colour Rendering ◽  
Better Than

The subjective impressions of pedestrians are necessary in order to decide on the appropriate colour of light to be used for street lighting. Therefore, a pilot project aimed to compare subjective evaluations of the sidewalk illumination under two street lighting installations, realised by LEDs of 3000 K (warm white) and 4000 K (neutral white), was recently conducted in Belgrade. Both installations had comparable sidewalk illuminances as well as other relevant photometric parameters. The evaluation was done through a questionnaire. A group of 139 (61 male and 78 female) respondents, all of them university students, was asked to grade both lighting installations for the sidewalk light intensity, the appearance of human faces, the colour of light and the colour rendering as well as the overall impression. According to the median values, the 3000 K LED installation was considered better than the 4000 K installation for all aspects assessed as well as the overall impression. Although the survey results convincingly showed a preference for 3000 K LEDs for this comparison, additional research is needed using a more representative sample of people and a wider range of locations before a definite conclusion can be reached.

An Analysis of Juvenile Correctional Treatment

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Lab ◽  
John T. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Correctional Treatment ◽  
Extreme Position ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Professional Journals ◽  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than ◽  
The Continuum

The state of the evidence concerning correctional treatment prompts a vast array of differing opinions. One extreme position posits that “nothing works” while the other end of the continuum claims that some programs have very positive effects. The present study surveyed the professional literature appearing between 1975 and 1984 (inclusive) in order to evaluate the current state of knowledge on juvenile correctional treatment. The impact of treatment on recidivism was the primary consideration in a simple ballot-box analysis of reports published in professional journals. The results indicated that juvenile correctional treatment fared no better than in earlier reviews. In general, at least half of the studies reported negative or no impact on recidivism and many of the positive findings were based on dubious, subjective evaluations.

scholarly journals A Progress Report on the Development of the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Ensemble

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan A. Kalina ◽  
Isidora Jankov ◽  
Trevor Alcott ◽  
Joseph Olson ◽  
Jeffrey Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
System A ◽  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
Stochastic Parameter ◽  
Lateral Boundary Conditions ◽  
Parameter Perturbations ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThe High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Ensemble (HRRRE) is a 36-member ensemble analysis system with nine forecast members that utilizes the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW-WRF) dynamic core and the physics suite from the operational Rapid Refresh/High-Resolution Rapid Refresh deterministic modeling system. A goal of HRRRE development is a system with sufficient spread amongst members, comparable in magnitude to the random error in the ensemble mean, to represent the range of possible future atmospheric states. HRRRE member diversity has traditionally been obtained by perturbing the initial and lateral boundary conditions of each member, but recent development has focused on implementing stochastic approaches in HRRRE to generate additional spread. These techniques were tested in retrospective experiments and in the May 2019 Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Experiment (HWT-SE). Results show a 6–25% increase in the ensemble spread in 2-m temperature, 2-m mixing ratio, and 10-m wind speed when stochastic parameter perturbations are used in HRRRE (HRRRE-SPP). Case studies from HWT-SE demonstrate that HRRRE-SPP performed similar to or better than the operational High-Resolution Ensemble Forecast system version 2 (HREFv2) and the non-stochastic HRRRE. However, subjective evaluations provided by HWT-SE forecasters indicated that overall, HRRRE-SPP predicted lower probabilities of severe weather (using updraft helicity as a proxy) compared to HREFv2. A statistical analysis of the performance of HRRRE-SPP and HREFv2 from the 2019 summer convective season supports this claim, but also demonstrates that the two systems have similar reliability for prediction of severe weather using updraft helicity.

Time and Latitude in South Africa

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
J. Hers
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Astronomical Determination ◽  
Limited Accuracy ◽  
Better Than

In South Africa the modern outlook towards time may be said to have started in 1948. Both the two major observatories, The Royal Observatory in Cape Town and the Union Observatory (now known as the Republic Observatory) in Johannesburg had, of course, been involved in the astronomical determination of time almost from their inception, and the Johannesburg Observatory has been responsible for the official time of South Africa since 1908. However the pendulum clocks then in use could not be relied on to provide an accuracy better than about 1/10 second, which was of the same order as that of the astronomical observations. It is doubtful if much use was made of even this limited accuracy outside the two observatories, and although there may – occasionally have been a demand for more accurate time, it was certainly not voiced.

Localization of immunolabels by electron microscopy and image averaging

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
J. Frank ◽  
P.-Y. Sizaret ◽  
A. Verschoor ◽  
J. Lamy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Attachment Site ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Image Averaging ◽  
Top View ◽  
Better Than

The accuracy with which the attachment site of immunolabels bound to macromolecules may be localized in electron microscopic images can be considerably improved by using single particle averaging. The example studied in this work showed that the accuracy may be better than the resolution limit imposed by negative staining (∽2nm).The structure used for this demonstration was a halfmolecule of Limulus polyphemus (LP) hemocyanin, consisting of 24 subunits grouped into four hexamers. The top view of this structure was previously studied by image averaging and correspondence analysis. It was found to vary according to the flip or flop position of the molecule, and to the stain imbalance between diagonally opposed hexamers (“rocking effect”). These findings have recently been incorporated into a model of the full 8 × 6 molecule.LP hemocyanin contains eight different polypeptides, and antibodies specific for one, LP II, were used. Uranyl acetate was used as stain. A total of 58 molecule images (29 unlabelled, 29 labelled with antl-LPII Fab) showing the top view were digitized in the microdensitometer with a sampling distance of 50μ corresponding to 6.25nm.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

Electron Microscopic Observation of the Longitudinal Organization of Poly (p-Phenylene Terephthalamide) Fibers

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 680-681
Author(s):  
Li Li-Sheng ◽  
L.F. Allard ◽  
W.C. Bigelow
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Microscopic Observation ◽  
Electron Microscopic Observation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Aromatic Polyamides ◽  
Radial Arrangement ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Better Than

The aromatic polyamides form a class of fibers having mechanical properties which are much better than those of aliphatic polyamides. Currently, the accepted morphology of these fibers as proposed by M.G. Dobb, et al. is a radial arrangement of pleated sheets, with the plane of the pleats parallel to the axis of the fiber. We have recently obtained evidence which supports a different morphology of this type of fiber, using ultramicrotomy and ion-thinning techniques to prepare specimens for transmission and scanning electron microscopy.

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