scholarly journals Local thermal adaptation detected during multiple life stages across populations of Drosophila melanogaster

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 1342-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Austin ◽  
Amanda J. Moehring
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Life Stages

scholarly journals Disparate patterns of thermal adaptation between life stages in temperate vs. tropical Drosophila melanogaster

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent L. Lockwood ◽  
Tarun Gupta ◽  
Rosemary Scavotto
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Thermal Limits ◽  
Heat Tolerant ◽  
Selection For

AbstractMany terrestrial ectothermic species exhibit limited variation in upper thermal tolerance across latitude. However, these trends may not signify limited adaptive capacity to increase thermal tolerance in the face of climate change. Instead, thermal tolerance may be similar among populations because behavioral thermoregulation by mobile organisms or life stages may buffer natural selection for thermal tolerance. We compared thermal tolerance of adults and embryos among natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster from a broad range of thermal habitats around the globe to assess natural variation of thermal tolerance in mobile vs. immobile life stages. We found no variation among populations in adult thermal tolerance, but embryonic thermal tolerance was higher in tropical strains than in temperate strains. Average maximum temperature of the warmest month of the year predicted embryonic thermal tolerance in tropical but not temperate sites. We further report that embryos live closer to their upper thermal limits than adultso—i.e., thermal safety margins are smaller for embryos than adults. F1 hybrid embryos from crosses between temperate and tropical populations had thermal tolerance that matched that of tropical embryos, suggesting dominance of heat-tolerant alleles. Together our findings suggest that thermal selection has led to divergence in embryonic thermal tolerance but that selection for divergent thermal tolerance may be limited in adults. Further, our results suggest that thermal traits should be measured across life stages in order to better predict adaptive limits.Impact SummaryClimate change may threaten the extinction of many ectothermic species, unless populations can evolutionarily adapt to rising temperatures. Natural selection should favor individuals with higher heat tolerances in hotter environments. But recent studies have found that individuals from hot and cold places often have similar heat tolerances. This pattern may indicate that the evolution of heat tolerance is constrained. If this were true, then it would have dire consequences for species persistence under novel thermal conditions.An alternative explanation for lack of variation in heat tolerance is that mobile organisms don’t need higher heat tolerances to survive in hotter places. The majority of studies have focused on heat tolerance of the adult life stage. Yet, adults in many species are mobile organisms that can avoid extreme heat by seeking shelter in cooler microhabitats (e.g., shaded locations). In contrast, immobile life stages (e.g., insect eggs) cannot behaviorally avoid extreme heat. Thus, mobile and immobile life stages may face different thermal selection pressures that lead to disparate patterns of thermal adaptation across life stages.Here, we compared heat tolerances of fruit fly adults and eggs (Drosophila melanogaster) from populations in temperate North America and tropical locations around the globe. Consistent with previous studies, we found no differences among populations in adult heat tolerance. However, eggs from tropical flies were consistently more heat tolerant than eggs from North American flies. Further, eggs had lower heat tolerance than adults. Consequently, fly eggs in the hotter tropics may experience heat death more frequently than adult flies later in life. This may explain why patterns of divergence in heat tolerance were decoupled across life stages. These patterns indicate that thermal adaptation may be life-stage-specific and suggest that future work should characterize thermal traits across life stages to better understand the evolution of thermal limits.

scholarly journals Thermal bottlenecks in the life cycle define climate vulnerability of fish

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 369 (6499) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flemming T. Dahlke ◽  
Sylke Wohlrab ◽  
Martin Butzin ◽  
Hans-Otto Pörtner
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Species Vulnerability

Species’ vulnerability to climate change depends on the most temperature-sensitive life stages, but for major animal groups such as fish, life cycle bottlenecks are often not clearly defined. We used observational, experimental, and phylogenetic data to assess stage-specific thermal tolerance metrics for 694 marine and freshwater fish species from all climate zones. Our analysis shows that spawning adults and embryos consistently have narrower tolerance ranges than larvae and nonreproductive adults and are most vulnerable to climate warming. The sequence of stage-specific thermal tolerance corresponds with the oxygen-limitation hypothesis, suggesting a mechanistic link between ontogenetic changes in cardiorespiratory (aerobic) capacity and tolerance to temperature extremes. A logarithmic inverse correlation between the temperature dependence of physiological rates (development and oxygen consumption) and thermal tolerance range is proposed to reflect a fundamental, energetic trade-off in thermal adaptation. Scenario-based climate projections considering the most critical life stages (spawners and embryos) clearly identify the temperature requirements for reproduction as a critical bottleneck in the life cycle of fish. By 2100, depending on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenario followed, the percentages of species potentially affected by water temperatures exceeding their tolerance limit for reproduction range from ~10% (SSP 1–1.9) to ~60% (SSP 5–8.5). Efforts to meet ambitious climate targets (SSP 1–1.9) could therefore benefit many fish species and people who depend on healthy fish stocks.

scholarly journals Long-Term Dynamics Among Wolbachia Strains During Thermal Adaptation of Their Drosophila melanogaster Hosts

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert Mazzucco ◽  
Viola Nolte ◽  
Thapasya Vijayan ◽  
Christian Schlötterer
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Thermal Adaptation

scholarly journals The importance of pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection promoting adaptation to increasing temperatures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Gómez-Llano ◽  
Eve Scott ◽  
Erik I Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Postcopulatory Sexual Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Rescue ◽  
Thermal Regimes ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Precopulatory Sexual Selection

Abstract Global temperatures are increasing rapidly affecting species globally. Understanding if and how different species can adapt fast enough to keep up with increasing temperatures is of vital importance. One mechanism that can accelerate adaptation and promote evolutionary rescue is sexual selection. Two different mechanisms by which sexual selection can facilitate adaptation are pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection. However, the relative effects of these different forms of sexual selection in promoting adaptation are unknown. Here, we present the results from an experimental study in which we exposed fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster to either no mate choice or 1 of 2 different sexual selection regimes (pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection) for 6 generations, under different thermal regimes. Populations showed evidence of thermal adaptation under precopulatory sexual selection, but this effect was not detected in the postcopulatory sexual selection and the no choice mating regime. We further demonstrate that sexual dimorphism decreased when flies evolved under increasing temperatures, consistent with recent theory predicting more sexually concordant selection under environmental stress. Our results suggest an important role for precopulatory sexual selection in promoting thermal adaptation and evolutionary rescue.

scholarly journals Thermal adaptation of cellular membranes in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 886-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon S. Cooper ◽  
Loubna A. Hammad ◽  
Kristi L. Montooth
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Cellular Membranes

scholarly journals The Phenotypic Effect of Cardamom oil on the Developmental Stages of Drosophila Melanogaster

2021 ◽  
pp. 225-231
Author(s):  
Dr. Y. D. Akhare ◽  
H. A. Patharikar
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Human Genetic Disease ◽  
Phenotypic Effect ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
Food And Drink

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been extensively studied as a model organism for genetic investigation. It also has many characteristics which make it an ideal organism for the study of animal development and behaviour, neurobiology and human genetic disease and condition. Drosophila melanogaster share several basic biological and chemical neurological and physiological similarities with mammals. In the present study, we noted the phenotypic effect of cardamom oil on the different stages of Drosophila melanogaster. The fruit flies were grown on 10-gram culture media supplemented with different concentration of cardamom oil (0.5µl, 1 µl, 2.5 µl). Further, the size and growth of different life stages of Drosophila melanogaster were observed and total protein estimated from it.The increase in the size and protein concentration in different life stages of controlled Drosophila melanogaster were recorded. Cardamom is a highly valued herbal spice used in tropical and subtropical Asia. cardamom is used as a flavouring and cooking spices in both food and drink and as a medicine.

scholarly journals Heat hardening capacity in Drosophila melanogaster is life stage-specific and juveniles show the highest plasticity

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 20180628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda N. Moghadam ◽  
Tarmo Ketola ◽  
Cino Pertoldi ◽  
Simon Bahrndorff ◽  
Torsten N. Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Heat Hardening ◽  
The Impact

Variations in stress resistance and adaptive plastic responses during ontogeny have rarely been addressed, despite the possibility that differences between life stages can affect species' range margins and thermal tolerance. Here, we assessed the thermal sensitivity and hardening capacity of Drosophila melanogaster across developmental stages from larval to the adult stage. We observed strong differences between life stages in heat resistance, with adults being most heat resistant followed by puparia , pupae and larvae . The impact of heat hardening (1 h at 35°C) on heat resistance changed during ontogeny, with the highest positive effect of hardening observed in puparia and pupae and the lowest in adults. These results suggest that immobile life stages ( puparia and pupae ) have evolved high plasticity in upper thermal limits whereas adults and larvae rely more on behavioural responses to heat stress allowing them to escape from extreme high temperatures. While most studies on the plasticity of heat resistance in ectotherms have focused on the adult life stage, our findings emphasize the crucial importance of juvenile life stages of arthropods in understanding the thermal biology and life stage-specific physiological responses to variable and stressful high temperatures. Failure to acknowledge this complication might lead to biased estimates of species' ability to cope with environmental changes, such as climate change.

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