scholarly journals Sex-linked inheritance, genetic correlations and sexual dimorphism in three melanin-based colour traits in the barn owl

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Roulin ◽  
H. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Barn Owl

Quantitative Genetics of Drosophila Melanogaster. II. Heritabilities and Genetic Correlations between Sexes for Head and Thorax Traits.

Genetics ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-433
Author(s):  
D E Cowley ◽  
W R Atchley
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Quantitative Genetic ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract A quantitative genetic analysis is reported for traits on the head and thorax of adult fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster. Females are larger than males, and the magnitude of sexual dimorphism is similar for traits derived from the same imaginal disc, but the level of sexual dimorphism varies widely across discs. The greatest difference between males and females occurs for the dimensions of the sclerotized mouthparts of the proboscis. Most of the traits studied are highly heritable with heritabilities ranging from 0.26 to 0.84 for males and 0.27 to 0.81 for females. In general, heritabilities are slightly higher for males, possibly reflecting the effect of dosage compensation on X-linked variance. The X chromosome contributes substantially to variance for many of these traits, and including results reported elsewhere, the variance for over two-thirds of the traits studied includes X-linked variance. The genetic correlations between sexes for the same trait are generally high and close to unity. Coupled with the small differences in the traits between sexes for heritabilities and phenotypic variances, these results suggest that selection would be very slow to change the level of sexual dimorphism in size of various body parts.

QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN GENETIC PARAMETERS FOR WING TRAITS

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-566
Author(s):  
David E Cowley ◽  
William R Atchley ◽  
J J Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance

ABSTRACT Sexual dimorphism in genetic parameters is examined for wing dimensions of Drosophila melanogaster. Data are fit to a quantitative genetic model where phenotypic variance is a linear function of additive genetic autosomal variance (common to both sexes), additive genetic X-linked variances distinct for each sex, variance due to common rearing environment of families, residual environmental variance, random error variance due to replication, and variance due to measurement error and developmental asymmetry (left vs. right sides). Polygenic dosage compensation and its effect on genetic variances and covariances between sexes is discussed. Variance estimates for wing length and other wing dimensions highly correlated with length support the hypothesis that the Drosophila system of dosage compensation will cause male X-linked genetic variance to be substantially larger than female X-linked variance. Results for various wing dimensions differ, suggesting that the level of dosage compensation may differ for different traits. Genetic correlations between sexes for the same trait are presented. Total additive genetic correlations are near unity for most wing traits; this indicates that selection in the same direction in both sexes would have a minor effect on changing the magnitude of difference between sexes. Additive X-linked correlations suggest some genotype × sex interactions for X-linked effects.

scholarly journals Sexual differences in genetic architecture in UK Biobank

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bernabeu ◽  
Oriol Canela-Xandri ◽  
Konrad Rawlik ◽  
Andrea Talenti ◽  
James Prendergast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Uk Biobank

ABSTRACTSex is arguably the most important differentiating characteristic in most mammalian species, separating populations into different groups, with varying behaviors, morphologies, and physiologies based on their complement of sex chromosomes. In humans, despite males and females sharing nearly identical genomes, there are differences between the sexes in complex traits and in the risk of a wide array of diseases. Gene by sex interactions (GxS) are thought to account for some of this sexual dimorphism. However, the extent and basis of these interactions are poorly understood.Here we provide insights into both the scope and mechanism of GxS across the genome of circa 450,000 individuals of European ancestry and 530 complex traits in the UK Biobank. We found small yet widespread differences in genetic architecture across traits through the calculation of sex-specific heritability, genetic correlations, and sex-stratified genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We also found that, in some cases, sex-agnostic GWAS efforts might be missing loci of interest, and looked into possible improvements in the prediction of high-level phenotypes. Finally, we studied the potential functional role of the dimorphism observed through sex-biased eQTL and gene-level analyses.This study marks a broad examination of the genetics of sexual dimorphism. Our findings parallel previous reports, suggesting the presence of sexual genetic heterogeneity across complex traits of generally modest magnitude. Our results suggest the need to consider sex-stratified analyses for future studies in order to shed light into possible sex-specific molecular mechanisms.

A genetic study on sexual dimorphism of bodyweight in sheep

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhad Ghafouri-Kesbi ◽  
Ghodratollah Rahimi Mianji ◽  
Zarbakht Ansari Pirsaraei ◽  
Seyed Hasan Hafezian ◽  
Hasan Baneh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Age Estimates ◽  
Zandi Sheep

The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism of bodyweight in Zandi sheep. To do this, a pedigree including 1450 dams and 170 sires was used. Six bivariate animal models were applied for investigating direct and maternal effects for three age-specific bodyweights (bodyweight at birth, 3 and 6 months of age) in male and female Zandi lambs. The variance components were estimated via REML procedure. Males were, respectively, 6%, 7% and 9% heavier than females at birth, weaning and 6 months of age. Estimates of sexual dimorphism levels (expressed as M/F) were 1.11 at birth, 1.07 at weaning and 1.09 at 6 months of age, which indicated relatively low levels of sexual size dimorphism in the traits studied. Except for birthweight, for which estimates of additive genetic, residual and phenotypic variances as well as direct heritability and additive coefficient of variation were higher in females, for other traits studied, estimates were higher in males. However, regarding direct and maternal effects, none of the differences between the sexes was significant, indicating no need for sexual selection. Cross-sex genetic correlations were 0.862 at birth, 0.918 at weaning and 0.922 at 6 months of age, which highlighted birthweight as the most dimorphic trait. It was concluded that, owing to possible contribution of sexual chromosomes to variation of growth-related traits, bodyweight in male and female lambs may not be under the exactly same genetic control.

Sexual dimorphism in floral traits of gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica (Lobeliaceae) is consistent across populations

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 1245-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Species Range ◽  
Flower Size ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Gender Dimorphism

In angiosperms, the evolution of gender dimorphism is often correlated with the evolution of sexual dimorphism in floral traits. The magnitude of sexual dimorphism will reflect both sex-specific selection and constraints on evolution in response to this selection. If the evolution of sexual dimorphism is constrained by genetic correlations, then trait means are predicted to evolve more quickly than the magnitude of sexual dimorphism in the same traits. To test whether mean floral traits evolve more quickly than sexual dimorphism in these traits, I measured flower size and flower number of gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica L. from 10–14 populations across the species’ range. Females produced more flowers than hermaphrodites, but neither mean flower number nor the magnitude of dimorphism in flower number varied among populations. Pistillate flowers were smaller than perfect flowers, and mean flower size varied among populations. However, the magnitude of dimorphism in flower size did not vary. My results suggest that the evolution of sexual dimorphism in flower size, but not necessarily flower number, could be constrained by within- or between-sex genetic correlations in L. siphilitica.

Thermal phenotypic plasticity of body size in Drosophila melanogaster: sexual dimorphism and genetic correlations

2011 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN R. DAVID ◽  
AMIR YASSIN ◽  
JEAN-CLAUDE MORETEAU ◽  
HELENE LEGOUT ◽  
BRIGITTE MORETEAU
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Genetic Correlations
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