The role of local ecology during hybridization at the initial stages of ecological speciation in a marine snail

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1472-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Galindo ◽  
M. Martínez-Fernández ◽  
S. T. Rodríguez-Ramilo ◽  
E. Rolán-Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Marine Snail ◽  
Local Ecology

Concern about salient pathogen threats increases sensitivity to disgust

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby Boggs ◽  
Benjamin Ruisch ◽  
Russell Fazio
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Societal Implications ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Disgust Sensitivity ◽  
Local Ecology

Individuals vary substantially in their sensitivity to disgust—differences that have implications for intergroup attitudes, political ideology, and beyond. However, the source of this variability in disgust sensitivity remains a subject of debate. In this work, we test the hypothesis that sensitivity to disgust is "calibrated" by an individual's concern about disease threats in their local ecology. Leveraging the COVID-19 pandemic, we obtain strong support for this hypothesis, finding that disgust sensitivity increased following the COVID-19 outbreak and that the degree of this increase was moderated by an individual's subjective concern about contracting the disease. This work fills a longstanding theoretical gap regarding the sources of variability in disgust sensitivity, while challenging the view that disgust sensitivity is an immutable individual difference. Given the role of disgust in motivating intergroup prejudice and right-wing ideologies, we anticipate that these increases in disgust sensitivity are likely to have important downstream societal implications.

Orogeny, sympatry and emergence of a new genus of Alpine subterranean Trechini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 189 (4) ◽  
pp. 1217-1231
Author(s):  
Teo Delić ◽  
Andrej Kapla ◽  
Andrea Colla
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Ecological Divergence ◽  
Ecological Differentiation ◽  
Morphological Diversification

Abstract Despite two centuries of research in European subterranean habitats, which resulted in descriptions of numerous obligate subterranean beetle species, the role of ecological differentiation in speciation of subterranean beetles remains understudied. Discovery of a new genus and a species of Alpine subterranean Trechini beetles, Petraphaenops unguiculatus gen. & sp. nov., enables us to question the reasons for its morphological and ecological divergence. Multilocus, time-calibrated phylogeny and extensive morphological analyses were used to place the evolution of the species in a temporal and palaeogeographical framework. Set within the phylogeny of Alpine Trechini, the new genus is shown to have split from its sister-genus, Aphaenopidius, by the end of the Pliocene. The timeline of the split between these closely related genera corresponds to the onset of major orogenetic events in the southern Calcareous Alps. The orogeny dynamics, coupled with simultaneous diversification of subterranean habitats, presumably initiated ecological speciation and morphological diversification of this highly troglomorphic subterranean trechine genus.

The Maintenance of a Cline in the Marine Snail Littorina saxatilis: The Role of Home Site Advantage and Hybrid Fitness

Evolution ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Rolan-Alvarez ◽  
Kerstin Johannesson ◽  
Johan Erlandsson
Keyword(s):  
Littorina Saxatilis ◽  
Hybrid Fitness ◽  
Marine Snail ◽  
Home Site

Investigating the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis

Parasitology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER STUART ◽  
ANNETTA ZINTL ◽  
THEO DE WAAL ◽  
GRACE MULCAHY ◽  
CONALL HAWKINS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
American Mink ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Bovine Neosporosis ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Local Ecology

SUMMARYNeospora caninumis a protozoan parasite, primarily associated with bovine abortion. The only definitive hosts discovered to date are carnivores. This study aimed to identify the role of mammalian carnivores in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis. A sample bank of serum, fecal and brain samples was established: American mink (Mustela vison), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), pine martens (Martes martes), badgers (Meles meles), stoats (Mustela erminea), otters (Lutra lutra) and feral ferrets (Mustela putorius). Approximately 1% of mink and 1% of fox samples were positive by IFAT. According to PCR analysis of DNA extracted from brain tissue, 3% of the mink, 4% of the otters and 6% of the foxes examined were infected withN. caninum.All fecal samples tested negative forN. caninumDNA (n = 311), suggesting that the species that tested positive were intermediate not definitive hosts. This is the first time that tissues from mustelids have tested positive forN. caninum. The need to test 2 relatively large (∼200 mg) targeted parts of the brain to avoid false negatives was also identified. The relatively low prevalence ofN. caninumin Irish carnivores suggests that the local ecology of a species has an important influence on its epidemiological role.

scholarly journals The role of gene expression in ecological speciation

2010 ◽  
Vol 1206 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Pavey ◽  
Hélène Collin ◽  
Patrik Nosil ◽  
Sean M. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Ecological Speciation

scholarly journals Habitat Choice and Speciation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie E. Webster ◽  
Juan Galindo ◽  
John W. Grahame ◽  
Roger K. Butlin
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Habitat Choice ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Intertidal Gastropod ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The role of habitat choice in reproductive isolation and ecological speciation has often been overlooked, despite acknowledgement of its ability to facilitate local adaptation. It can form part of the speciation process through various evolutionary mechanisms, yet where habitat choice has been included in models of ecological speciation little thought has been given to these underlying mechanisms. Here, we propose and describe three independent criteria underlying ten different evolutionary scenarios in which habitat choice may promote or maintain local adaptation. The scenarios are the result of all possible combinations of the independent criteria, providing a conceptual framework in which to discuss examples which illustrate each scenario. These examples show that the different roles of habitat choice in ecological speciation have rarely been effectively distinguished. Making such distinctions is an important challenge for the future, allowing better experimental design, stronger inferences and more meaningful comparisons among systems. We show some of the practical difficulties involved by reviewing the current evidence for the role of habitat choice in local adaptation and reproductive isolation in the intertidal gastropodLittorina saxatilis, a model system for the study of ecological speciation, assessing whether any of the proposed scenarios can be reliably distinguished, given current research.

Genetic variation for shell traits in a direct-developing marine snail involved in a putative sympatric ecological speciation process

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Conde-Padín ◽  
Antonio Carvajal-Rodríguez ◽  
Mónica Carballo ◽  
Armando Caballero ◽  
Emilio Rolán-Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Marine Snail ◽  
Speciation Process

scholarly journals How Facilitation May Interfere with Ecological Speciation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Liancourt ◽  
P. Choler ◽  
N. Gross ◽  
X. Thibert-Plante ◽  
K. Tielbörger
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Secondary Contact ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Incipient Species ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
Marginal Habitats

Compared to the vast literature linking competitive interactions and speciation, attempts to understand the role of facilitation for evolutionary diversification remain scarce. Yet, community ecologists now recognize the importance of positive interactions within plant communities. Here, we examine how facilitation may interfere with the mechanisms of ecological speciation. We argue that facilitation is likely to (1) maintain gene flow among incipient species by enabling cooccurrence of adapted and maladapted forms in marginal habitats and (2) increase fitness of introgressed forms and limit reinforcement in secondary contact zones. Alternatively, we present how facilitation may favour colonization of marginal habitats and thus enhance local adaptation and ecological speciation. Therefore, facilitation may impede or pave the way for ecological speciation. Using a simple spatially and genetically explicit modelling framework, we illustrate and propose some first testable ideas about how, when, and where facilitation may act as a cohesive force for ecological speciation. These hypotheses and the modelling framework proposed should stimulate further empirical and theoretical research examining the role of both competitive and positive interactions in the formation of incipient species.

Ecological Speciation: The Role of Disturbance

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Speciation
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