scholarly journals Annual Research Review: Transdiagnostic neuroscience of child and adolescent mental disorders - differentiating decision making in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, depression, and anxiety

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke ◽  
Samuele Cortese ◽  
Graeme Fairchild ◽  
Argyris Stringaris
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

scholarly journals Shifting uncertainty intolerance: methylphenidate and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alekhya Mandali ◽  
Arjun Sethi ◽  
Mara Cercignani ◽  
Neil A. Harrison ◽  
Valerie Voon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Risky Choices ◽  
Cardinal Symptom

AbstractRisk evaluation is a critical component of decision making. Risk tolerance is relevant in both daily decisions and pathological disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), where impulsivity is a cardinal symptom. Methylphenidate, a commonly prescribed drug in ADHD, improves attention but has mixed reports on risk-based decision making. Using a double-blinded placebo protocol, we studied the risk attitudes of ADHD patients and age-matched healthy volunteers while performing the 2-step sequential learning task and examined the effect of methylphenidate on their choices. We then applied a novel computational analysis using the hierarchical drift–diffusion model to extract parameters such as threshold (‘a’—amount of evidence accumulated before making a decision), drift rate (‘v’—information processing speed) and response bias (‘z’ apriori bias towards a specific choice) focusing specifically on risky choice preference. Critically, we show that ADHD patients on placebo have an apriori bias towards risky choices compared to controls. Furthermore, methylphenidate enhanced preference towards risky choices (higher apriori bias) in both groups but had a significantly greater effect in the patient population independent of clinical scores. Thus, methylphenidate appears to shift tolerance towards risky uncertain choices possibly mediated by prefrontal dopaminergic and noradrenergic modulation. We emphasise the utility of computational models in detecting underlying processes. Our findings have implications for subtle yet differential effects of methylphenidate on ADHD compared to healthy population.

The global burden of conduct disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 2010

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly E. Erskine ◽  
Alize J. Ferrari ◽  
Guilherme V. Polanczyk ◽  
Terrie E. Moffitt ◽  
Christopher J. L. Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Specificity in the familial aggregation of overt and covert conduct disorder symptoms in a referred attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder sample

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1113-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. MONUTEAUX ◽  
G. FITZMAURICE ◽  
D. BLACKER ◽  
S. L. BUKA ◽  
J. BIEDERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Modeling Methodology ◽  
Diagnostic Interviews ◽  
Conduct Disorder Symptoms

Background. To examine the familial associations of overt and covert antisocial behavior within the diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD) in families ascertained by referred children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to test if these familial associations differed between male and female probands.Method. Subjects were clinically-referred male and female ADHD children (n=273) and their first-degree biological relatives (n=807). Scores for overt and covert conduct problems were calculated by summing the DSM-III-R conduct disorder symptoms, as derived from structured diagnostic interviews. Familial aggregation analyses were conducted with multivariate regression modeling methodology.Results. Proband overt scores significantly predicted the overt scores of their relatives, and proband covert scores significantly predicted the covert scores of their relatives. There was no evidence of covert symptom scores predicting overt scores or vice versa. There was some evidence that the aggregation of covert symptoms was stronger in the families of female probands.Conclusions. These results provide preliminary evidence that overt and covert conduct disorder symptoms are independently transmitted through families and may represent distinct familial syndromes.

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