The enigmatic pattern of long-distance dispersal of minute freshwater gastropods (Caenogastropoda, Truncatelloidea, Tateidae) across the South Pacific

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Zielske ◽  
Winston F. Ponder ◽  
Martin Haase
Keyword(s):  
South Pacific ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
The South ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Freshwater Gastropods

scholarly journals Resolving the northern hemisphere source region for the long-distance dispersal event that gave rise to the South American endemic dung mossTetraplodon fuegianus

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 1651-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily R. Lewis ◽  
Elisabeth M. Biersma ◽  
Sarah B. Carey ◽  
Kent Holsinger ◽  
Stuart F. McDaniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Source Region ◽  
South American ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
The South ◽  
Long Distance

Floristics of the South American Páramo Moss Flora

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Dana Griffin III
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
South American ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
The South ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Late Pliocene ◽  
Northern Andes ◽  
The Past

The South American paramos appeared in Pliocene times and persist to the present day. The moss flora of this habitat consists of an estimated 400 species that comprise 8 floristic groups. In Venezuela these groups and their percent representation are as follows: neotropical 37%, Andean 26%, cosmopolitan 18%, Andean-African 8%, neotropical-Asiatic 3%, neotropical-Australasian 2%, temperate Southern Hemisphere 2% and northern boreal-temperate 2%. Acrocarpous taxa outnumber pleurocarps by nearly 3:1. The neotropical and Andean floristic stocks likely were present prior to late Pliocene orogenies that elevated the cordillera above climatic timberlines. These species may have existed in open, marshy areas (paramillos) or may have evolved from cloud forest ancestors. Taxa of northern boreal- temperate affinities, including those with Asiatic distributions, probably arrived in the paramos during the Pleistocene, a period which may also have seen the establishment in the Northern Andes of some cosmopolitan elements. Species with temperate Southern Hemisphere and Australasian affinities likely spread first to austral South America thence migrated northward during a cool, moist interval sometime over the past 2.5-3 million years or may have become established in the paramos as a result of long- distance dispersal.

scholarly journals Are Spine-Bearing Freshwater Gastropods Better Defended?

Ecologies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Andrew Davis ◽  
Matthew Rees ◽  
Bindiya Rashni ◽  
Alison Haynes
Keyword(s):  
South Pacific ◽  
Freshwater Snails ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
The South ◽  
Freshwater Gastropods ◽  
Defensive Role ◽  
Shell Damage ◽  
Molluscan Fauna

Freshwater snails usually possess thin unadorned shells lacking structural components such as spines. Exceptions can be found on the high, well-watered islands of the South Pacific. Streams on these islands support a rich freshwater molluscan fauna with several nerite taxa (Neritimorpha: Neritidae) exhibiting extremely long dorsal spines. We sought to assess the defensive capacity of these structures for several co-occurring nerite genera on the Island of Ovalau, Fiji. Our overarching hypothesis was that spines confer a defensive advantage. We tested four predictions for eight common taxa: (i) predator “rich” habitats (the creek entrance) would be dominated by spine-bearing nerites, (ii) spine-bearing species should be smaller in size, (iii) nerites with spines would exhibit lower levels of shell damage and (iv) nerites with spines should invest less in their shells (i.e., their shells should be thinner). Most of these predictions received support. Spine-bearing species dominated the entrance to the creek and were smaller in size. Levels of shell damage were low overall, with 2 of the 3 spinose taxa exhibiting no shell damage, as did many of the nonspinose taxa. Finally, shells of spinose species were 25% thicker, demonstrating increased rather than decreased investment. Taken together, these findings suggest that the elaborate spines of Clithon spp. play a defensive role.

Is the South African leech Barbronia gwalagwalensis Westergren & Siddall, 2004 (Hirudinida: Erpobdelliformes: Salifidae) a Paleotropical species?

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4974 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-595
Author(s):  
ANNA L. KLASS ◽  
ALEXANDER V. KONDAKOV ◽  
ILYA V. VIKHREV ◽  
YULIA V. BESPALAYA ◽  
ZAU LUNN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
The South ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Oriental Region ◽  
Asian Populations

The freshwater leech family Salifidae Johansson has a Paleotropical range, with a hotspot of species richness in the Oriental Region, and a few species endemic to Africa, Madagascar, and Reunion. Barbronia gwalagwalensis Westergren & Siddall, 2004 was thought to be a characteristic example of the latter group being a lineage endemic to South Africa. However, we found that this species also occurs in Asia (Myanmar and Korea). Our time-calibrated phylogeny based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene reveals that the split between the African and Asian populations of this species occurred in the mid-Pleistocene, approximately 1.3 Ma ago (95% HPD 0.7-2.1 Ma). The statistical biogeographic modeling indicates that a B. gwalagwalensis population in South Africa most likely originated due a long-distance dispersal event with a subsequent vicariance (probability = 88.9%). A Late Quaternary range extension towards South Africa is known to occur in some other freshwater taxa (e.g. the freshwater mussel Unio caffer Krauss species group), which agrees with our hypothesis on the ancient origin of the South African B. gwalagwalensis population. Conversely, we can assume that the African population of this species was recently introduced from Asia. If so, the high levels of genetic divergence between African and Asian populations could be a part of a more general phylogeographic pattern historically originated within the Asian subcontinent due to the isolation by orographic or marine barriers. These two alternative hypotheses need further research efforts, i.e. sampling and sequencing of other Barbronia taxa, the ranges of which are situated between South Africa and Southeast Asia, as well as of topotypes of B. weberi (Blanchard, 1897) from Indonesia. Finally, our results highlight that the salifid genus Barbronia Johansson originated in the Oriental Region and that these leeches share both recently and historically high potential for long-distance dispersal events. 

Culture and leadership: Project GLOBE in the South Pacific

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Paquin ◽  
Reinout E. de Vries ◽  
Raghuvar D. Pathak ◽  
Rafia Naz
Keyword(s):  
South Pacific ◽  
The South

Tourism Development in the South Pacific: The Cases of Nauru and Tuvalu

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Towner ◽  
Semisi Taumoepeau
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
The South ◽  
South Pacific Ocean ◽  
Economic Survival ◽  
Processing Centre ◽  
Remote Island ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Tuvalu and Nauru are isolated developing island nations located in the South Pacific Ocean. In contrast to the established larger Pacific destinations such as Fiji and Tahiti, the tourism industries on both Tuvalu and Nauru are in their infancy. Tourism development in these remote island nations faces a myriad of challenges which include a lack of infrastructure, environmental susceptibility, economic vulnerability, difficulties with access and considerable distances from major tourist markets. This paper reviews tourism on Tuvalu and Nauru and evaluates their current situation regarding potential tourism development through workshops with relevant stakeholders, surveys and subsequent SWOT analysis. The results of the paper outlined a large number of challenges faced by Tuvalu and Nauru due to their geographic location but also highlighted that both Islands possess fascinating and unique features that have the potential to attract niche tourism markets. A key finding of this paper is that the tourism stimulus or potential attraction can also be the chief threat to the islands’ economic survival hence the two edges of the sword. Further research is required to assess the effect of the withdrawal of the Refugee Processing Centre on Nauru’s economy and to evaluate the impact of climate change on Tuvalu’s society and potential adaption strategies.

Characterising essential breeding habitat for whales informs the development of large-scale Marine Protected Areas in the South Pacific

2016 ◽  
Vol 548 ◽  
pp. 263-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Lindsay ◽  
R Constantine ◽  
J Robbins ◽  
DK Mattila ◽  
A Tagarino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
The South

: Some Dependent Peoples of the South Pacific . Linden A. Mander.

1955 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 112-112
Author(s):  
Ward H. Goodenough
Keyword(s):  
South Pacific ◽  
The South
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