scholarly journals Genetic diversity, differentiation and historical origin of the isolated population of rooks Corvus frugilegus in Iberia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Salinas ◽  
Francisco Morinha ◽  
Ivan Literak ◽  
Javier García ◽  
Borja Milá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
Corvus Frugilegus ◽  
Historical Origin

Defining and identifying crop landraces

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Carolina Camacho Villa ◽  
Nigel Maxted ◽  
Maria Scholten ◽  
Brian Ford-Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Traditional Farming ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Landrace Diversity ◽  
Cultivated Plant ◽  
Historical Origin

Awareness of the need for biodiversity conservation is now universally accepted, but most often recent conservation activities have focused on wild species. Crop species and the diversity between and within them has significant socioeconomic as well as heritage value. The bulk of genetic diversity in domesticated species is located in traditional varieties maintained by traditional farming systems. These traditional varieties, commonly referred to as landraces, are severely threatened by genetic extinction primarily due to their replacement by modern genetically uniform varieties. The conservation of landrace diversity has been hindered in part by the lack of an accepted definition to define the entity universally recognized as landraces. Without a definition it would be impossible to prepare an inventory and without an inventory changes in landrace constituency could not be recognized over time. Therefore, based on a literature review, workshop discussion and interviews with key informants, common characteristics of landraces were identified, such as: historical origin, high genetic diversity, local genetic adaptation, recognizable identity, lack of formal genetic improvement, and whether associated with traditional farming systems. However, although these characteristics are commonly present they are not always all present for any individual landrace; several crop-specific exceptions were noted relating to crop propagation method (sexual or asexual), breeding system (self-fertilized or cross-fertilized species), length of formal crop improvement, seed management (selection or random propagation) and use. This paper discusses the characteristics that generally constitute a landrace, reviews the exceptions to these characteristics and provides a working definition of a landrace. The working definition proposed is as follows: ‘a landrace is a dynamic population(s) of a cultivated plant that has historical origin, distinct identity and lacks formal crop improvement, as well as often being genetically diverse, locally adapted and associated with traditional farming systems’.

The arapaima, an emblematic fishery resource: genetic diversity and structure reveal the presence of an isolated population in Amapá

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 847 (15) ◽  
pp. 3169-3183
Author(s):  
Fabrícia Nogueira ◽  
Marilu Amaral ◽  
Gabryele Malcher ◽  
Natália Reis ◽  
Mauro A. D. Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
Fishery Resource ◽  
Genetic Diversity And Structure

Managing gene flow among isolated population fragments

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-134
Author(s):  
Richard Frankham ◽  
Jonathan D. Ballou ◽  
Katherine Ralls ◽  
Mark D. B. Eldridge ◽  
Michele R. Dudash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Genetic Management ◽  
Flow Management ◽  
The Status

Even without detailed genetic data, sound genetic management strategies for augmenting gene flow can be instituted by considering population genetics theory, and/or computer simulations. When detailed data are lacking, moving (translocating) some individuals into isolated inbred population fragments is better than moving none, as long as the risk of outbreeding depression is low. With more detailed genetic information, more precise genetic management of fragmented populations can be achieved. Using mean kinship within and between populations (estimated from modeling, pedigrees, genetic markers or genomes), and moving individuals among fragments with the lowest between fragment mean kinships provides the best approach to gene flow management. Populations should then be monitored to confirm that movement of individuals has resulted in the desired levels of gene flow, genetic diversity has been enhanced, and that the status of the population is improving.

scholarly journals The Impact of Evolutionary Driving Forces on Human Complex Diseases: A Population Genetics Approach

Scientifica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amr T. M. Saeb ◽  
Dhekra Al-Naqeb
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Complex Diseases ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Historical Origin ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Complex

Investigating the molecular evolution of human genome has paved the way to understand genetic adaptation of humans to the environmental changes and corresponding complex diseases. In this review, we discussed the historical origin of genetic diversity among human populations, the evolutionary driving forces that can affect genetic diversity among populations, and the effects of human movement into new environments and gene flow on population genetic diversity. Furthermore, we presented the role of natural selection on genetic diversity and complex diseases. Then we reviewed the disadvantageous consequences of historical selection events in modern time and their relation to the development of complex diseases. In addition, we discussed the effect of consanguinity on the incidence of complex diseases in human populations. Finally, we presented the latest information about the role of ancient genes acquired from interbreeding with ancient hominids in the development of complex diseases.

scholarly journals Limited Heredity Diversity of the Critically Endangered Guizhou Golden Monkeys

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siwei Wang ◽  
Jiang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
Golden Monkey ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Rhinopithecus Brelichi ◽  
Habitat Loss And Fragmentation ◽  
D Loop

Guizhou golden monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) was a unique, endangered and endemic primate species in Guizhou Province. It was an isolated population caused by habitat loss and fragmentation due to the human disturbance in the recently 30 years in China, only distributed in Fanjing Mountain National Natural Reserve, Guizhou Province. To know the background with demonic population structure, we sequenced 867 bp of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop from 312 fresh fecal samples, results showed there 11 haplotypes among these samples, h was 0.517, π was 0.00413. It indicated that this species had the lowest genetic diversity among four golden monkeys in China and need strengthen the conversation concern for this species immediately.

scholarly journals SNP genotyping elucidates the genetic diversity of Magna Graecia grapevine germplasm and its historical origin and dissemination

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella De Lorenzis ◽  
Francesco Mercati ◽  
Carlo Bergamini ◽  
Maria Francesca Cardone ◽  
Antonio Lupini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Snp Genotyping ◽  
Magna Graecia ◽  
Historical Origin

A new species of Cyrtodactylus Gray (Gekkonidae: Squamata) from Manus Island, and extended description and range extension for Cyrtodactylus sermowaiensis (De Rooij)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4728 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-356
Author(s):  
PAUL M. OLIVER ◽  
RYAN HARTMAN ◽  
CAMERON D. TURNER ◽  
TAYLOR A. WILDE ◽  
CHRISTOPHER C. AUSTIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
New Species ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
The North ◽  
A New Species

Systematic investigations of vertebrate faunas from the islands of Melanesia are revealing high levels of endemism, dynamic biogeographic histories, and in some cases surprisingly long evolutionary histories of insularity. The bent-toed geckos in the Cyrtodactylus sermowaiensis Group mainly occur in northern New Guinea and nearby islands, however a further isolated population occurs on Manus Island in the Admiralty Archipelago approximately 300 km to the north of New Guinea. Here we first present a review of the genetic diversity, morphological variation and distribution of Cyrtodactylus sermowaiensis from northern New Guinea. Genetic structure and distributional records within Cyrtodactylus sermowaiensis broadly overlap with underlying Terranes in northern New Guinea, suggesting divergence on former islands that have been obscured by the infill and uplift of sedimentary basins since the late Pleistocene. Based on a combination of genetic and morphological differentiation we then describe the population from Manus Island as a new species, Cyrtodactylus crustulus sp. nov. This new species emphasises the high biological endemism and conservation significance of the Admiralty Islands, and especially Manus Island. 

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of a Sheep Population in Oaxaca, Mexico: The Chocholteca Creole

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1172
Author(s):  
Teodulo Salinas-Rios ◽  
Jorge Hernández-Bautista ◽  
Araceli Mariscal-Méndez ◽  
Magaly Aquino-Cleto ◽  
Amparo Martínez-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity

Creole sheep in México have undergone crossbreeding, provoking the loss of genetic variability. The objective of the present study is to determine the intra-racial genetic diversity, the genetic relationship with other genotypes, and the populational substructure of the Oaxacan Creole sheep. Twenty-nine blood samples were obtained of Creole sheep of the Oaxaca Mixteca region in México. A genetic analysis was made with 41 microsatellites recommended for studies of genetic diversity in sheep. An analysis was made of genetic diversity, populational structure, and genetic distance with 27 other sheep populations. The study found 205 alleles with a range of 2 to 9 by locus and an effective number of 3.33. The intra-racial analysis showed a moderate genetic diversity with values of expected heterozygosity of 0.686 and observed of 0.756, a mean polymorphic information content of 0.609, and a mean coefficient of consanguinity of −0.002. In interracial genetic diversity for the coefficients of consanguinity, the values were FIS = 0.0774, FIT = 0.16993, and FST = 0.10028, showing an elevated genetic distance with other creole breeds, but close to Argentine Creole, to another Creole of México and the Spanish Merino. Its genetic structure showed that it does not have any populational subdivision nor mixes with the others analyzed. It is concluded that it is a distinct and isolated population and is proposed as the creole breed “Chocholteca” for its conservation.

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