The leader effect and behavioral complexity

This research aims to examine the nature of the relationship between the various leadership roles and the effectiveness of leadership according to the perspective of the theory of behavioral complexity. The faculty at the University of Qadisiyahwas selected to test the hypotheses of research and to verify the objectives. The authors distributed the questionnaire to a sample of (165)individualsworking at different faculties of the university. The behavioral complexity variable consists of two dimensions, behavioral repertoire and behavioral differentiation. The variable of leadership effectiveness is treated asa single dimension variable. The study hypothesized that there is a positive relationship between the behavioral complexity and leadership effectiveness ,In other words , the educational leaders who use a variety of different roles will achieve the highest level of effectiveness. A variety of statistical tools were used to present the statistical description and hypothesis test, namely mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient,andconfirmatory factor analysis , and structural equation modeling. The results reflected the validity of the research hypotheses , and in light of that a set of conclusions and recommendations were formulated

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Behavioral complexity theory: Seven decades and beyond

Journal of Applied Social Psychology ◽

10.1111/jasp.12838 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (12) ◽

pp. 1151-1155

Author(s):

Anthony Peter Cockerill ◽

Akhila Satish

Keyword(s):

Complexity Theory ◽

Behavioral Complexity

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Insiders’ Adaptations to Security-Based Demands in the Workplace: An Examination of Security Behavioral Complexity

Information Systems Frontiers ◽

10.1007/s10796-019-09951-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

A. J. Burns ◽

Clay Posey ◽

Tom L. Roberts

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Complexity

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The Measurement of Behavioral Complexity

Journal of Applied Social Psychology ◽

10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01643.x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 27 (23) ◽

pp. 2117-2121 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Usha Satish ◽

Siegfried Streufert

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Complexity

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Beyond brain size

10.1101/145334 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Corina J Logan ◽

Shahar Avin ◽

Neeltje Boogert ◽

Andrew Buskell ◽

Fiona R. Cross ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brain Size ◽

Size Variation ◽

Brain Evolution ◽

Simple Relationship ◽

Cognitive Significance ◽

Cognitive Measures ◽

Behavioral Complexity ◽

Behavioral Traits ◽

Evolutionary Trajectories ◽

Brain Behavior

AbstractDespite prolonged interest in comparing brain size and behavioral proxies of ‘intelligence’ across taxa, the adaptive and cognitive significance of brain size variation remains elusive. Central to this problem is the continued focus on hominid cognition as a benchmark, and the assumption that behavioral complexity has a simple relationship with brain size. Although comparative studies of brain size have been criticized for not reflecting how evolution actually operates, and for producing spurious, inconsistent results, the causes of these limitations have received little discussion. We show how these issues arise from implicit assumptions about what brain size measures and how it correlates with behavioral and cognitive traits. We explore how inconsistencies can arise through heterogeneity in evolutionary trajectories and selection pressures on neuroanatomy or neurophysiology across taxa. We examine how interference from ecological and life history variables complicates interpretations of brain-behavior correlations, and point out how this problem is exacerbated by the limitations of brain and cognitive measures. These considerations, and the diversity of brain morphologies and behavioral capacities, suggest that comparative brain-behavior research can make greater progress by focusing on specific neuroanatomical and behavioral traits within relevant ecological and evolutionary contexts. We suggest that a synergistic combination of the ‘bottom up’ approach of classical neuroethology and the ‘top down’ approach of comparative biology/psychology within closely related but behaviorally diverse clades can limit the effects of heterogeneity, interference, and noise. We argue this shift away from broad-scale analyses of superficial phenotypes will provide deeper, more robust insights into brain evolution.

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Evolutionary Analyses of RNA Editing and Amino Acid Recoding in Cephalopods

10.1101/714394 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Mingye (Christina) Wang ◽

Erik Mohlhenrich

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Rna Editing ◽

Amino Acid Level ◽

Nucleotide Composition ◽

Model Organisms ◽

Future Research ◽

Amino Acid Substitutions ◽

Behavioral Complexity ◽

Fitness Advantage

AbstractRNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification process that alters nucleotides of mRNA and consequently the amino acids of the translated protein without changing the original DNA sequence. In human and other mammals, amino acid recoding from RNA editing is rare, and most edits are non-adaptive and provide no fitness advantage (1). However, recently it was discovered that in soft-bodied cephalopods, which are exceptionally intelligent and include squid, octopus, and cuttlefish, RNA editing is widespread and positively selected (2). To examine the effects of RNA editing on individual genes, we developed a “diversity score” system that quantitatively assesses the amount of diversity generated in each gene, incorporating combinatorial diversity and the radicalness of amino acid changes. Using this metric, we compiled a list of top 100 genes across the cephalopod species that are most diversified by RNA editing. This list of candidate genes provides directions for future research into the specific functional impact of RNA editing in terms of protein structure and cellular function on individual proteins. Additionally, considering the connection of RNA editing to the nervous system, and the exceptional intelligence of cephalopod, the candidate genes may shed light to the molecular development of behavioral complexity and intelligence. To further investigate global influences of RNA editing on the transcriptome, we investigated changes in nucleotide composition and codon usage biases in edited genes and coleoid transcriptome in general. Results show that these features indeed correlate with editing and may correspond to causes or effects of RNA editing. In addition, we characterized the unusual RNA editing in cephalopods by analyzing ratio of radical to conservative amino acid substitutions (R/C) and distribution of amino acid recoding from editing. Our results show that compared to model organisms, editing in cephalopods have significantly decreased R/C ratio and distinct distribution of amino acid substitutions that favor conservative over radical changes, indicating selection at the amino acid level and providing a potential mechanism for the evolution of widespread RNA editing in cephalopods.

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Birch tar production does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1911137116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 116 (36) ◽

pp. 17707-17711 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Patrick Schmidt ◽

Matthias Blessing ◽

Maxime Rageot ◽

Radu Iovita ◽

Johannes Pfleging ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Analysis ◽

Cultural Transmission ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Birch Bark ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Behavioral Complexity ◽

Cultural Behavior ◽

Work Session ◽

Per Se ◽

Modern Cognition

Birch tar production by Neanderthals—used for hafting tools—has been interpreted as one of the earliest manifestations of modern cultural behavior. This is because birch tar production per se was assumed to require a cognitively demanding setup, in which birch bark is heated in anaerobic conditions, a setup whose inherent complexity was thought to require modern levels of cognition and cultural transmission. Here we demonstrate that recognizable amounts of birch tar were likely a relatively frequent byproduct of burning birch bark (a natural tinder) under common, i.e., aerobic, conditions. We show that when birch bark burns close to a vertical to subvertical hard surface, such as an adjacent stone, birch tar is naturally deposited and can be easily scraped off the surface. The burning of birch bark near suitable surfaces provides useable quantities of birch tar in a single work session (3 h; including birch bark procurement). Chemical analysis of the resulting tar showed typical markers present in archaeological tar. Mechanical tests verify the tar’s suitability for hafting and for hafted tools use. Given that similarly sized stones as in our experiment are frequently found in archaeological contexts associated with Neanderthals, the cognitively undemanding connection between burning birch bark and the production of birch tar would have been readily discoverable multiple times. Thus, the presence of birch tar alone cannot indicate the presence of modern cognition and/or cultural behaviors in Neanderthals.

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