Morphology and function of the skin epithelium covering the giant keyhole limpet Megathura crenulata

2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-170
Author(s):  
Gary G. Martin ◽  
Abby K. Bailey ◽  
Seth Cohen ◽  
Yeraldi Loera ◽  
Anne M. Crooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Epithelium ◽  
And Function

Salt transport across isolated frog skin

1971 ◽  
Vol 262 (842) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Frog Skin ◽  
Chloride Transport ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Skin Epithelium ◽  
Frog Skin Epithelium ◽  
Ionic Lanthanum ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

We have measured on isolated epithelia of Rana skin the amount of tissue sodium that equilibrates with the sodium present in the solution in contact with the outside surface. Only about 12 % of the sodium in the tissue equilibrated with outside sodium. Antidiuretic hormone (0.1 u/ml) and ouabain (10 -4 mol l -1 ) had no effect on the amount of cell sodium that equilibrated with outside sodium. We have also studied with the electron microscope the localization of the permeability barriers of frog skin epithelium using as tracers ruthenium red and colloidal and ionic lanthanum. Our observations indicate that there are two barriers to diffusion in frog skin epithelium. The first is at the s. corneum, the second at the s. granulosum. Of these, the first is the least selective. In other experiments the effects of acetazolamide and amiloride on active transport of both sodium and chloride were determined. Acetazolamide (10 -4 mol l -1 ) blocked chloride transport without affecting sodium transport. Amiloride (10-4 mol l-1) blocked sodium transport and did not modify chloride transport. These results and others available in the literature are used to raise some defined questions on the relationship between structure and function and the coupling of ion fluxes in frog skin.

scholarly journals Eavesdropping on the conversation between immune cells and the skin epithelium

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoiab Bukhari ◽  
Aaron F Mertz ◽  
Shruti Naik
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Skin Epithelium ◽  
Epithelial Homeostasis ◽  
Inflammatory Stimuli ◽  
Tolerance Breakdown ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
And Function

Abstract The skin epithelium covers our body and serves as a vital interface with the external environment. Here, we review the context-specific interactions between immune cells and the epithelium that underlie barrier fitness and function. We highlight the mechanisms by which these two systems engage each other and how immune–epithelial interactions are tuned by microbial and inflammatory stimuli. Epithelial homeostasis relies on a delicate balance of immune surveillance and tolerance, breakdown of which results in disease. In addition to their canonical immune functions, resident and recruited immune cells also supply the epithelium with instructive signals to promote repair. Decoding the dialogue between immunity and the epithelium therefore has great potential for boosting barrier function or mitigating inflammatory epithelial diseases.

Conformation of Ribosomes from Escherichia Coli

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
W. Hellmann ◽  
F. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
And Function

The present knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of ribosomes is far too limited to enable a complete understanding of the various roles which ribosomes play in protein biosynthesis. The spatial arrangement of proteins and ribonuclec acids in ribosomes can be analysed in many ways. Determination of binding sites for individual proteins on ribonuclec acid and locations of the mutual positions of proteins on the ribosome using labeling with fluorescent dyes, cross-linking reagents, neutron-diffraction or antibodies against ribosomal proteins seem to be most successful approaches. Structure and function of ribosomes can be correlated be depleting the complete ribosomes of some proteins to the functionally inactive core and by subsequent partial reconstitution in order to regain active ribosomal particles.

The Effect of Oxidized Cholesterol on the Aorta of Rabbits- Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 340-341
Author(s):  
S. K. Pena ◽  
C. B. Taylor ◽  
J. Hill ◽  
J. Safarik
Keyword(s):  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Arterial Injury ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Aortic Smooth Muscle ◽  
Oxidized Cholesterol ◽  
Initial Event ◽  
Membrane Structure And Function ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
And Function

Introduction: Oxidized cholesterol derivatives have been demonstrated in various cell cultures to be very potent inhibitors of 3-hvdroxy-3- methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase which is a principle regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis in the cell. The cholesterol content in the cells exposed to oxidized cholesterol was found to be markedly decreased. In aortic smooth muscle cells, the potency of this effect was closely related to the cytotoxicity of each derivative. Furthermore, due to the similarity of their molecular structure to that of cholesterol, these oxidized cholesterol derivatives might insert themselves into the cell membrane, alter membrane structure and function and eventually cause cell death. Arterial injury has been shown to be the initial event of atherosclerosis.

Ultrastructure of developing visual cortical synapses in the cat superior colliculus

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Caroline A. Miller ◽  
Laura L. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Visual Cortical Area ◽  
Cortical Synapses ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
And Function ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cat Superior Colliculus

The first visual cortical axons arrive in the cat superior colliculus by the time of birth. Adultlike receptive fields develop slowly over several weeks following birth. The developing cortical axons go through a sequence of changes before acquiring their adultlike morphology and function. To determine how these axons interact with neurons in the colliculus, cortico-collicular axons were labeled with biocytin (an anterograde neuronal tracer) and studied with electron microscopy.Deeply anesthetized animals received 200-500 nl injections of biocytin (Sigma; 5% in phosphate buffer) in the lateral suprasylvian visual cortical area. After a 24 hr survival time, the animals were deeply anesthetized and perfused with 0.9% phosphate buffered saline followed by fixation with a solution of 1.25% glutaraldehyde and 1.0% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer. The brain was sectioned transversely on a vibratome at 50 μm. The tissue was processed immediately to visualize the biocytin.

Structural modifications of intercellular junctions.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
J. Metz ◽  
M. Merlo ◽  
W. G. Forssmann
Keyword(s):  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Cell Isolation ◽  
Extrahepatic Cholestasis ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Pancreatic Duct Ligation ◽  
Pancreatic Cells ◽  
Duct Ligation ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
And Function

Structure and function of intercellular junctions were studied under the electronmicroscope using conventional thin sectioning and freeze-etch replicas. Alterations of tight and gap junctions were analyzed 1. of exocrine pancreatic cells under cell isolation conditions and pancreatic duct ligation and 2. of hepatocytes during extrahepatic cholestasis.During the different steps of cell isolation of exocrine pancreatic cells, gradual changes of tight and gap junctions were observed. Tight junctions, which formed belt-like structures around the apex of control acinar cells in situ, subsequently diminished, became interrupted and were concentrated into macular areas (Fig. 1). Aggregations of membrane associated particles, which looked similar to gap junctions, were intermixed within tight junctional areas (Fig. 1). These structures continously disappeared in the last stages of the isolation procedure. The intercellular junctions were finally separated without destroying the integrity of the cell membrane, which was confirmed with porcion yellow, lanthanum chloride and horse radish peroxidase.

Structural similarity of ribosomes from E. coli and A. salina

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-243
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
R.M. Wydro ◽  
W. Hellmann ◽  
F. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Carbon Support ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Biological Assays ◽  
E Coli ◽  
And Function ◽  
Fine Carbon

Ribosomes are ribonucleoprotein particles necessary for processing the genetic information of mRNA into proteins. Analogy in composition and function of ribosomes from diverse species, established by biochemical and biological assays, implies their structural similarity. Direct evidence obtained by electron microscopy seems to be of increasing relevance in understanding the structure of ribosomes and the mechanism of their role in protein synthesis.The extent of the structural homology between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes has been studied on ribosomes of Escherichia coli (E.c.) and Artemia salina (A.s.). Despite the established differences in size and in the amount and proportion of ribosomal proteins and RNAs both types of ribosomes show an overall similarity. The monosomes (stained with 0.5% aqueous uranyl acetate and deposited on a fine carbon support) appear in the electron micrographs as round particles with a diameter of approximately 225Å for the 70S E.c. (Fig. 1) and 260Å for the 80S A.s. monosome (Fig. 2).

The Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation of the Vestibular Sensory Epithelia

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 40-41
Author(s):  
D.J. Lim ◽  
W.C. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Electron Microscopic Observation ◽  
Gravitational Acceleration ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Sensory Epithelia ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Vestibular Sensory Epithelia ◽  
And Function ◽  
Sand Piles ◽  
Active Investigation

The morphology and function of the vestibular sensory organs has been extensively studied during the last decade with the advent of electron microscopy and electrophysiology. The opening of the space age also accelerated active investigation in this area, since this organ is responsible for the sensation of balance and of linear, angular and gravitational acceleration.The vestibular sense organs are formed by the saccule, utricle and three ampullae of the semicircular canals. The maculae (sacculi and utriculi) have otolithic membranes on the top of the sensory epithelia. The otolithic membrane is formed by a layer of thick gelatin and sand-piles of calcium carbonate crystals (Fig.l).

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

Structural Role of rRNAs on the Ribosomal Subunits from E. Coli by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 424-425
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
N. Robakis ◽  
J.S. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Ribosomal Subunits ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
16S Rna ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
And Function

The three-dimensional structure and function of biological supramolecular complexes are, in general, determined and stabilized by conformation and interactions of their macromolecular components. In the case of ribosomes, it has been suggested that one of the functions of ribosomal RNAs is to act as a scaffold maintaining the shape of the ribosomal subunits. In order to investigate this question, we have conducted a comparative TEM and STEM study of the structure of the small 30S subunit of E. coli and its 16S RNA.The conventional electron microscopic imaging of nucleic acids is performed by spreading them in the presence of protein or detergent; the particles are contrasted by electron dense solution (uranyl acetate) or by shadowing with metal (tungsten). By using the STEM on freeze-dried specimens we have avoided the shearing forces of the spreading, and minimized both the collapse of rRNA due to air drying and the loss of resolution due to staining or shadowing. Figure 1, is a conventional (TEM) electron micrograph of 30S E. coli subunits contrasted with uranyl acetate.

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