scholarly journals Antigenic evolution of H3N2 influenza A viruses in swine in the United States from 2012 to 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus J. Bolton ◽  
Eugenio J. Abente ◽  
Divya Venkatesh ◽  
Jered A. Stratton ◽  
Michael Zeller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Antigenic Evolution ◽  
H3n2 Influenza

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequences of Two Novel Human-Like H3N2 Influenza A Viruses, A/swine/Oklahoma/65980/2017 (H3N2) and A/Swine/Oklahoma/65260/2017 (H3N2), Detected in Swine in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Zeller ◽  
Ganwu Li ◽  
Karen M. Harmon ◽  
Jianqiang Zhang ◽  
Amy L. Vincent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
The United States ◽  
State University ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
H3n2 Influenza ◽  
Virus Strains

Two novel human-like H3N2 influenza A virus strains, A/swine/Oklahoma/65980/2017 (H3N2) and A/swine/Oklahoma/65260/2017 (H3N2), were isolated from porcine samples submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in the United States.

scholarly journals Unseasonal Transmission of H3N2 Influenza A Virus During the Swine-Origin H1N1 Pandemic

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 5715-5718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elodie Ghedin ◽  
David E. Wentworth ◽  
Rebecca A. Halpin ◽  
Xudong Lin ◽  
Jayati Bera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
New York State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
York State ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
H3n2 Influenza

ABSTRACT The initial wave of swine-origin influenza A virus (pandemic H1N1/09) in the United States during the spring and summer of 2009 also resulted in an increased vigilance and sampling of seasonal influenza viruses (H1N1 and H3N2), even though they are normally characterized by very low incidence outside of the winter months. To explore the nature of virus evolution during this influenza “off-season,” we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of H1N1 and H3N2 sequences sampled during April to June 2009 in New York State. Our analysis revealed that multiple lineages of both viruses were introduced and cocirculated during this time, as is typical of influenza virus during the winter. Strikingly, however, we also found strong evidence for the presence of a large transmission chain of H3N2 viruses centered on the south-east of New York State and which continued until at least 1 June 2009. These results suggest that the unseasonal transmission of influenza A viruses may be more widespread than is usually supposed.

scholarly journals Introduction, Evolution, and Dissemination of Influenza A Viruses in Exhibition Swine in the United States during 2009 to 2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (23) ◽  
pp. 10963-10971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha I. Nelson ◽  
Karla M. Stucker ◽  
Seth A. Schobel ◽  
Nídia S. Trovão ◽  
Suman R. Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Viral Population ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Virus Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Fairs

ABSTRACT The swine-human interface created at agricultural fairs, along with the generation of and maintenance of influenza A virus diversity in exhibition swine, presents an ongoing threat to public health. Nucleotide sequences of influenza A virus isolates collected from exhibition swine in Ohio ( n = 262) and Indiana ( n = 103) during 2009 to 2013 were used to investigate viral evolution and movement within this niche sector of the swine industry. Phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses were employed to identify introductions of influenza A virus to exhibition swine and study viral population dynamics. In 2013 alone, we identified 10 independent introductions of influenza A virus into Ohio and/or Indiana exhibition swine. Frequently, viruses from the same introduction were identified at multiple fairs within the region, providing evidence of rapid and widespread viral movement within the exhibition swine populations of the two states. While pigs moving from fair to fair to fair is possible in some locations, the concurrent detection of nearly identical strains at several fairs indicates that a common viral source was more likely. Importantly, we detected an association between the high number of human variant H3N2 (H3N2v) virus infections in 2012 and the widespread circulation of influenza A viruses of the same genotype in exhibition swine in Ohio fairs sampled that year. The extent of viral diversity observed in exhibition swine and the rapidity with which it disseminated across long distances indicate that novel strains of influenza A virus will continue to emerge and spread within exhibition swine populations, presenting an ongoing threat to humans. IMPORTANCE Understanding the underlying population dynamics of influenza A viruses in commercial and exhibition swine is central to assessing the risk for human infections with variant viruses, including H3N2v. We used viral genomic sequences from isolates collected from exhibition swine during 2009 to 2013 to understand how the peak of H3N2v cases in 2012 relates to long-term trends in the population dynamics of pandemic viruses recently introduced into commercial and exhibition swine in the United States. The results of our spatial analysis underscore the key role of rapid viral dispersal in spreading multiple genetic lineages throughout a multistate network of agricultural fairs, providing opportunities for divergent lineages to coinfect, reassort, and generate new viral genotypes. The higher genetic diversity of genotypes cocirculating in exhibition swine since 2013 could facilitate the evolution of new reassortants, potentially with even greater ability to cause severe infections in humans or cause human-to-human transmission, highlighting the need for continued vigilance.

scholarly journals Population dynamics of cocirculating swine influenza A viruses in the United States from 2009 to 2012

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 42-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tavis K. Anderson ◽  
Martha I. Nelson ◽  
Pravina Kitikoon ◽  
Sabrina L. Swenson ◽  
John A. Korslund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza A Viruses

Interspecies Transmission and Reassortment of Influenza A Viruses in Pigs and Turkeys in the United States

1992 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Wright ◽  
Yoshihiro Kawaoka ◽  
Gerold B. Sharp ◽  
Dennis A. Senne ◽  
Robert G. Webster
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Influenza A Viruses

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of H1N2 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Pigs throughout the United States

2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1073-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Karasin ◽  
J. Landgraf ◽  
S. Swenson ◽  
G. Erickson ◽  
S. Goyal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza A Viruses

scholarly journals The enigma of the apparent disappearance of Eurasian highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses in North American waterfowl

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (32) ◽  
pp. 9033-9038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Krauss ◽  
David E. Stallknecht ◽  
Richard D. Slemons ◽  
Andrew S. Bowman ◽  
Rebecca L. Poulson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic

One of the major unresolved questions in influenza A virus (IAV) ecology is exemplified by the apparent disappearance of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses containing the Eurasian hemagglutinin 2.3.4.4 clade from wild bird populations in North America. The introduction of Eurasian lineage HP H5 clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 IAV and subsequent reassortment with low-pathogenic H?N2 and H?N1 North American wild bird-origin IAVs in late 2014 resulted in widespread HP H5Nx IAV infections and outbreaks in poultry and wild birds across two-thirds of North America starting in November 2014 and continuing through June 2015. Although the stamping out strategies adopted by the poultry industry and animal health authorities in Canada and the United States—which included culling, quarantining, increased biosecurity, and abstention from vaccine use—were successful in eradicating the HP H5Nx viruses from poultry, these activities do not explain the apparent disappearance of these viruses from migratory waterfowl. Here we examine current and historical aquatic bird IAV surveillance and outbreaks of HP H5Nx in poultry in the United States and Canada, providing additional evidence of unresolved mechanisms that restrict the emergence and perpetuation of HP avian influenza viruses in these natural reservoirs.

scholarly journals Receptor specificity of subtype H1 influenza A viruses isolated from swine and humans in the United States

Virology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 412 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Mei Chen ◽  
Pierre Rivailler ◽  
Jaber Hossain ◽  
Paul Carney ◽  
Amanda Balish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Receptor Specificity ◽  
Subtype H1

scholarly journals Genetic Evidence Supports Sporadic and Independent Introductions of Subtype H5 Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Viruses from Wild Birds to Domestic Poultry in North America

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Li ◽  
Andrew S. Bowman ◽  
Thomas J. DeLiberto ◽  
Mary L. Killian ◽  
Scott Krauss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Live Bird Markets ◽  
Domestic Poultry ◽  
Live Bird

ABSTRACTWild-bird origin influenza A viruses (IAVs or avian influenza) have led to sporadic outbreaks among domestic poultry in the United States and Canada, resulting in economic losses through the implementation of costly containment practices and destruction of birds. We used evolutionary analyses of virus sequence data to determine that 78 H5 low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) isolated from domestic poultry in the United States and Canada during 2001 to 2017 resulted from 18 independent virus introductions from wild birds. Within the wild-bird reservoir, the hemagglutinin gene segments of H5 LPAIVs exist primarily as two cocirculating genetic sublineages, and our findings suggest that the H5 gene segments flow within each migratory bird flyway and among adjacent flyways, with limited exchange between the nonadjacent Atlantic and Pacific Flyways. Phylogeographic analyses provided evidence that IAVs from dabbling ducks and swans/geese contributed to the emergence of viruses among domestic poultry. H5 LPAIVs isolated from commercial farm poultry (i.e., turkey) that were descended from a single introduction typically remained a single genotype, whereas those from live-bird markets sometimes led to multiple genotypes, reflecting the potential for reassortment with other IAVs circulating within live-bird markets. H5 LPAIVs introduced from wild birds to domestic poultry represent economic threats to the U.S. poultry industry, and our data suggest that such introductions have been sporadic, controlled effectively through production monitoring and a stamping-out policy, and are, therefore, unlikely to result in sustained detections in commercial poultry operations.IMPORTANCEIntegration of viral genome sequencing into influenza surveillance for wild birds and domestic poultry can elucidate evolutionary pathways of economically costly poultry pathogens. Evolutionary analyses of H5 LPAIVs detected in domestic poultry in the United States and Canada during 2001 to 2017 suggest that these viruses originated from repeated introductions of IAVs from wild birds, followed by various degrees of reassortment. Reassortment was observed where biosecurity was low and where opportunities for more than one virus to circulate existed (e.g., congregations of birds from different premises, such as live-bird markets). None of the H5 lineages identified were maintained for the long term in domestic poultry, suggesting that management strategies have been effective in minimizing the impacts of virus introductions on U.S. poultry production.

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