scholarly journals Characteristics and health risks of personal exposure to particle‐bound PAHs for Hong Kong adult residents: From ambient pollution to indoor exposure

Indoor Air ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao‐Cui Chen ◽  
Tony J. Ward ◽  
Kin‐Fai Ho ◽  
Chinmoy Sarkar ◽  
Chris Webster
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Indoor Exposure ◽  
Ambient Pollution

scholarly journals Health risks of adults in Hong Kong related to inhalation of particle-bound heavy metal(loid)s

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaocui Chen ◽  
Tony J. Ward ◽  
Chinmoy Sarkar ◽  
Kin-Fai Ho ◽  
Chris Webster
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Potential Health

AbstractHeterogeneity between ambient and personal exposure to heavy metals has been documented. However, few studies have investigated potential health risks posed by inhalational exposure to airborne heavy metal(loid)s at the individual level. A total of 404 personal fine particles (PM2.5) samples were collected from 61 adult residents (aged 18–63 years) in Hong Kong during 2014–2015. Heavy metal(loid)s were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Among the analyzed heavy metal(loid)s, zinc (Zn) was the most abundant component in personal PM2.5, followed by lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and vanadium (V); cobalt (Co) and cadmium (Cd) were not detectable. Health risks of personal exposure to heavy metal(loid)s via inhalation were assessed for adults, including non-cancer risks that were characterized by hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). The results indicated that non-cancer risks of heavy metal(loid)s were attributable to Cu, with a 95th HQ value > 1. Arsenic (As) and hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] were also significant contributors to inhalation cancer risks (> 1 × 10−6) for the adult participants. Finally, we employed a Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the uncertainty associated with health risk assessment. The mean and median upper-bound lifetime cancer risk associated with inhalation exposure to carcinogenic heavy metal(loid)s exceeded the acceptable level (1 × 10−6) for adults. Traffic emission (including non-tailpipe exhaust), shipping emission, and regional pollution were significant sources of heavy metals. These findings suggest that emission controls targeting local vehicles and vessels should be given priority in Hong Kong.

Characterization and source apportionment of health risks from ambient PM 10 in Hong Kong over 2000–2011

2015 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 892-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Li ◽  
Zibing Yuan ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Alexis K.H. Lau ◽  
Peter K.K. Louie
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Pm 10

Personal Exposure to PM2.5 and Its Bioreactivity in Healthy Adults of Hong Kong

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Cui Chen ◽  
Hsiao-Chi Chuang ◽  
Ngar-Cheung Lau ◽  
Hung-Lam Steve Yim ◽  
Kin-Fai Ho
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Healthy Adults

scholarly journals Cluster Analysis of Residential Personal Exposure to ELF Magnetic Field in Children: Effect of Environmental Variables

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 4363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Tognola ◽  
Emma Chiaramello ◽  
Marta Bonato ◽  
Isabelle Magne ◽  
Martine Souques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Harmonic Component ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Electric Networks ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Indoor Exposure ◽  
Exposure Patterns

Personal exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields (ELF MF) in children is a very timely topic. We applied cluster analysis to 24 h indoor personal exposures of 884 children in France to identify possible common patterns of exposures. We investigated how electric networks near child home and other variables potentially affecting residential exposure, such as indoor sources of ELF MF, the age and type of the residence and family size, characterized the magnetic field exposure patterns. We identified three indoor personal exposure patterns: children living near overhead lines of high (63–150 kV), extra-high (225 kV) and ultra-high voltage (400 kV) were characterized by the highest exposures; children living near underground networks of low (400 V) and mid voltage (20 kV) and substations (20 kV/400 V) were characterized by mid exposures; children living far from electric networks had the lowest level of exposure. The harmonic component was not relevant in discriminating the exposure patterns, unlike the 50 Hz or broadband (40–800 Hz) component. Children using electric heating appliances, or living in big buildings or in larger families had generally a higher level of personal indoor exposure. Instead, the age of the residence was not relevant in differentiating the exposure patterns.

scholarly journals Lives or Livelihoods? Perceived Trade-Offs and Policy Views

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Settele ◽  
Cortnie Shupe
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Us ◽  
Risk Condition

Abstract We study the role of perceived trade-offs between human lives and economic benefits in shaping policy views. In an online experiment with a representative sample from the US conducted during the early Covid-19 pandemic, we provide randomized information on the medium-run costs of restricting economic activity to mitigate infections. A one standard deviation lower perceived economic cost of lockdowns increases support by about twice as much as having a Covid at-risk condition, and by half as much as being a Democrat. Varying projected health benefits has a similar effect. Personal exposure to health risks reduces people’s responsiveness to cost-benefit considerations.

scholarly journals Spatial Variations of Indoor Air Chemicals in an Apartment Unit and Personal Exposure of Residents

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11511
Author(s):  
Hironari Sakamoto ◽  
Shigehisa Uchiyama ◽  
Tomohiko Isobe ◽  
Naoki Kunugita ◽  
Hironao Ogura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Living Room

Indoor air quality (IAQ) can greatly affect health in people spending much time indoors. However, the influence of IAQ on personal exposure to chemical compounds in Japan remains poorly investigated. Hence, this study aimed to clarify this influence thoroughly within one apartment. We surveyed the concentrations of 61 chemical compounds in the air in nine different spaces within an apartment unit, as well as the personal exposure of two residents in Japan. Using three kinds of diffusive samplers, this study was conducted continuously for 7 days in summer and winter. Health risks were evaluated by calculating the margin of exposure (MOE) using the measured concentrations. Some chemical concentrations showed large spatial variations and the personal exposure concentrations of these compounds also differed among residents. According to the calculated MOE, the chemicals with the highest health risk were acrolein, p-dichlorobenzene, and acetaldehyde in summer and acrolein, nitrogen dioxide, formic acid, p-dichlorobenzene, and benzene in winter. The IAQ of the house could be divided in two, and the IAQ in the space where residents spent much time (i.e., bedroom) highly affected each of the residents’ exposure. Investigating chemical concentrations in multiple spaces (including bedroom and living room) is necessary to understand the effect of IAQ on personal exposure.

scholarly journals Personal exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> emitted from typical anthropogenic sources in southern West Africa: chemical characteristics and associated health risks

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 6637-6657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongmei Xu ◽  
Jean-François Léon ◽  
Cathy Liousse ◽  
Benjamin Guinot ◽  
Véronique Yoboué ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Waste Burning

Abstract. Urbanization is an issue that is strongly emerging in southern West Africa (sWA). There is a lack of full understanding on chemical compositions and personal exposure levels to fine particulate matter (hereafter defined as PE PM2.5) and its health risks related to various anthropogenic sources in this region. In this study, PE PM2.5 was studied in dry (January) and wet (July) seasons of 2016 for the first time to characterize the contributions of a domestic fire site (DF) to the exposure of women and a waste burning site (WB) to that of students in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, and a motorcycle traffic site (MT) to that of drivers in Cotonou, Benin. The average PE PM2.5 mass concentrations were 331.7±190.7, 356.9±71.9 and 242.8±67.6 µg m−3 at DF, WB and MT sites for women, students and drivers, which were 2.4, 10.3 and 6.4 times the ambient PM2.5 concentrations, respectively. Elevated PE PM2.5 levels in the dry season were found at DF (358.8±100.5 µg m−3), WB (494.3±15.8 µg m−3) and MT (335.1±72.1 µg m−3) sites, on average 15 % higher than that at DF and 55 % higher at both WB and MT sites in the wet season. The seasonal variations were attributed to emission sources, meteorological factors and personal activities. In addition, the results show that geological material (35.8 %, 46.0 % and 42.4 %) and organic matter (34.1 %, 23.3 % and 24.9 %) were the major components of PE PM2.5 at DF, WB and MT sites. It is worth noting that the contribution of heavy metals was higher at WB (1.0 %) than at DF (0.7 %) and MT (0.4 %) sites, strongly influenced by waste burning emission. This results in the highest non-cancer risks of heavy metals to students, 5.1 and 4.8 times the values for women and drivers, respectively. By conducting organic speciation, fingerprints were used to access the exposure and identify the source contributions from typical local anthropogenic sources. The women's exposure concentration to particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at DF (77.4±47.9 ng m−3) was 1.6 and 2.1 times, respectively, that of students at WB (49.9±30.7 ng m−3) and of drivers at MT (37.0±7.4 ng m−3). This can be associated with the higher contributions from solid fuels' burning and meat grilling activities to women, resulting in a level 5 times in exceedance of the cancer risk safety threshold (1×10-6). Phthalate esters (PAEs), commonly used as plasticizers in products, were in high levels in the student exposure PM2.5 samples (1380.4±335.2 ng m−3), owing to obvious waste burning activities nearby. The drivers' exposures to fossil fuel combustion markers of hopanes in PE PM2.5 at MT (50.9±7.9 ng m−3) was 3.0–3.3 times those for women at DF (17.1±6.4 ng m−3) and students at WB (15.6±6.1 ng m−3). Overall, the current study shows that wood combustion, waste burning, fugitive dust and motor vehicle emissions were the dominant sources of PE PM2.5 and mainly contributed to its toxicities. The exposure to the heavy metals Pb and Mn caused high non-cancer risks to students at WB, while the severe cancer risk of PAHs was found for women at DF via inhalation. The result of this study provides original data, initial perspective of PM2.5 personal exposure and health risk assessment in the developing areas. The information encourages the governments to improve the air quality and living standards of residents in this region.

Indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure to PM2.5 and their bioreactivity among healthy residents of Hong Kong

2020 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 109780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Cui Chen ◽  
Hsiao-Chi Chuang ◽  
Tony J. Ward ◽  
Linwei Tian ◽  
Jun-Ji Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Personal Exposure
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