What Can Migration Policymakers Learn From Legal Frameworks on National Minorities? National Minorities and Migration in Armenia and Belarus

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 68-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna Ulasiuk
Keyword(s):  
National Minorities ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Legal Frameworks

scholarly journals BUILDING INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES TO CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTERS, AND DISPLACEMENT

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jane McAdam
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Law ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
International Borders ◽  
De Se ◽  
Droit International ◽  
Complementary Set ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Changements Climatiques

On average, one person is displaced each second by a disaster-related hazard.  Most people move within their own countries, but some are forced across international borders. This article outlines the scope of existing international legal frameworks to assist people displaced in the context of disasters and climate change, and suggests a variety of different tools that are required to address the phenomenon. Legal, policy, technical and scientific interventions, including disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation and mitigation, development, and migration opportunities, will determine whether, and for how long, people can remain in their homes, and whether doing so enables them to lead dignified lives or exposes them to risks and increased vulnerability. Identifying the need for a broad, complementary set of policy strategies necessarily affects how international law should be progressively developed in this area. En moyenne, une personne est déplacée à chaque seconde en raison d’un danger lié à une catastrophe. La plupart d’entre elles sont déplacées à l’intérieur de leur pays mais certaines sont obligées de se rendre à l’étranger. Dans cet article, l’auteure décrit dans les grandes lignes la portée des cadres juridiques internationaux existants qui aident les personnes déplacées en raison de catastrophes, climatiques notamment, et propose différents outils qui sont nécessaires pour répondre à ce phénomène. Les interventions juridiques, politiques, techniques et scientifiques, notamment la réduction des risques de catastrophe, les mesures d’adaptation aux changements climatiques et d’atténuation, le développement et les possibilités migratoires, déterminent si les gens peuvent rester chez eux et pendant combien de temps et si le fait de rester chez eux leur permet de vivre dans la dignité ou les expose à des dangers et accroît leur vulnérabilité. L’établissement de la nécessité de stratégies d’action vastes et complémentaires a forcément un effet sur le sens dans lequel on devrait faire évoluer progressivement le droit international dans ce domaine.

Integration of New and Old Minorities: Beyond a Janus-Faced Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Roberta Medda-Windischer
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
And Migration ◽  
International Instruments ◽  
Minority Integration

Diversity and integration issues are undoubtedly amongst the most salient ones on today’s political agenda. Most European states have been searching for models and policies to accommodate diversity claims and integrate not only old minority groups, but increasingly also new minority groups stemming from international mobility flows. This article addresses these issues by bridging two fields of research: minorities and migration. Studying the interaction between ‘old’ and ‘new’ minority groups is not an obvious task since, so far, these topics have been studied in isolation from one other. The article investigates the alleged dichotomy between old and new minorities, their similarities and differences, especially in terms of rights and claims, and the potential extension of the scope of application of international instruments for the protection of minorities, such as the Framework Convention for the Protection on National Minorities (FCNM), as to include new minorities too. In the final part, the article analyses the states’ responses to diversity with the aim to develop a common model for minority integration encompassing old and new minority groups.

scholarly journals Social Innovation to Sustain Rural Communities: Overcoming Institutional Challenges in Serbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Živojinović ◽  
Alice Ludvig ◽  
Karl Hogl
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Institutional Voids ◽  
Social Innovations ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Context Specific

Responding to a number of longstanding challenges such as poverty, wide-ranging inequalities, environmental problems, and migration, requires new and creative responses that are often not provided by traditional governments. Social innovations can offer socio-ecological and economic solutions by introducing new practices that reduce social inequalities, disproportionate resource use and foster sustainable development. Understanding the role of social innovations is especially complicated in unstable institutional environments, e.g. in developing countries and countries in transition. This paper analyses nine social innovations in rural areas in Serbia, based on in-depth interviews and document analysis. This analysis reveals factors that facilitate or constrain social innovations whilst simultaneously identifying related formal and informal institutional voids, for example, poor law enforcement, a lack of adequate infrastructure, lack of trust, as well as norms and values that bolster patriarchal systems. The results that emerged from this research show that social innovations are operating in spite of these challenges and are facilitating improvements in a number of the aforementioned challenging areas. Some innovators engage in social entrepreneurship activities because of subsistence-oriented goals, while others follow idealistic or life-style oriented goals, thus creating new social values. Moving beyond these observations, this paper also identifies means to overcome institutional voids, such as creation of context-specific organisational structures, improved legal frameworks, and innovative financial mechanisms.

Climate-induced Displacement in Bangladesh: Recognition and Protection under International Law

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Mahmud Naser
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Law ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
International Legal System ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Climate change and human migration are two cross-cutting issues that demand immediate and appropriate responses from both international and national authorities. This article deals with a number of complex issues under international environmental law, human rights law and migration and refugee law, which have important ramifications for the protection of climate-induced displacement in Bangladesh. It examines these legal frameworks to assess how appropriate they are in regulating climate-induced displacement and underscores current gaps or limitations within the international legal system for effective recognition and protection of climate change migrants. The development of ‘soft guidelines’ suggested in this study would establish an international framework for the specific recognition, treatment and protection of climate change displaced persons and fill the legal gaps with the specificity required by states and communities.

BEING GENDERED IN AFRICA’S FLAGDEMOCRACIES: NARRATIVES OF SEXUAL MINORITIES LIVING IN THE DIASPORA

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kezia Batisai
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Sexual Minorities ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
African Origin ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
The Right ◽  
Academic Discourses

 Critical engagement with existing scholarship reveals that many postcolonial African states have set up legal frameworks which institutionalise heterosexuality and condemn counter-sexualities. Clearly discernible from this body of literature is the fact that non-complying citizens constantly negotiate ‘the right to be’ in very political and gendered ways. Ironically, narratives of how these non-complying citizens experience such homophobic contexts hardly find their way into academic discourses, irrespective of the identity battles they fight on a daily basis. To fill this scholarly gap, I first insert the question of diaspora into the argument made extensively in literature that gender, sexuality and homophobia are intrinsic to defining national identity in postcolonial African states. Subsequently, I capture the experiences of queer Africans that emerged out of fieldwork conducted in Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa, between 2011 and 2014. The focus is on the narratives of sexual minorities who migrated permanently to South Africa to flee draconian legislation and diverse forms of sexual persecution in Zimbabwe, Uganda and Nigeria. Juxtaposed with the experiences of South African sexual minorities, deep reflections of how queer foreign nationals have experienced their bodies beyond the borders of their respective homelands tell a particularly interesting story about the meaning of the postcolonial state, read through the intersections of gender, sexuality and diaspora discourses. Local and foreign sexual minorities’ experiences are replete with contradictions, which make for rich and ambivalent analyses of what the reality of being a sexual minority in (South) Africa means. Contrary to queer Africans who construct living in South Africa as an institutionalisation of ‘liberty’, sexual minorities of South African origin frame the country’s democracy as an intricate and confusing space. Although analysed in this article, this conundrum paves the way for further engagement with the interplay between sexuality, homophobia and migration/diaspora discourses, which are often invisible to queer research on the continent.

CONFERENCE REPORT: Turkish Migration Conference and Migration Challenge

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-171
Author(s):  
Philip L. Martin ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci
Keyword(s):  
Human Mobility ◽  
Conference Report ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Migration Experiences

Rough estimates suggest that there are five to six million movers (migrants) originated from Turkey and, with the recent influx of Syrians, the volume of movers into Turkey reached record between three to four million. Turkey passed a qualitative and quantitative threshold as a country of movers: Millions moved out whilst millions moved in. The three Turkish Migration Conferences since 2012 reflect that reality. The breadth of topics and depth of discussions highlight a growing academic community interested in this particular case of human mobility. The debates about Turkish migration experiences are rich and reveal patterns of regular, irregular, and circular moves. Different perceptions and legal frameworks point to different implications for Turkey and its Diaspora.

scholarly journals Racial Discrimination and Nationality and Migration Exceptions: Reconciling CERD and the Race Equality Directive

2021 ◽  
pp. 092405192110556
Author(s):  
David Fennelly ◽  
Clíodhna Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Migration Status ◽  
Race Discrimination ◽  
The Core ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Domestic Level

The principles of equality and non-discrimination offer potentially valuable tools to challenge discriminatory practices employed by States against non-citizens. However, nationality and immigration-related exceptions are an established feature of non-discrimination laws. Such exceptions raise fundamental questions about the scope of the protection offered by anti-discrimination laws and have the potential to perpetuate, rather than eliminate, race discrimination. This article addresses this critical but often neglected issue, through a doctrinal analysis of two specific exceptions - Articles 1(2) and 1(3) of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and Article 3(2) of the EU's Race Equality Directive - and an examination of their impact in practice at the domestic level. We argue that nationality and migration status exceptions must be interpreted as narrowly as possible, in line with the core purpose of these instruments to eliminate race discrimination. Furthermore, we suggest that the interplay between these legal frameworks at the domestic level of implementation takes on particular importance in defining the scope and limits of nationality and migration-based exceptions.

Demonstration of Retinal Glycogen with Silver Methenamine

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 564-565
Author(s):  
A. W. Sedar ◽  
G. H. Bresnick
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Müller Cell ◽  
External Limiting Membrane ◽  
Electron Microscope Level ◽  
Reactive Process ◽  
Inner Limiting Membrane ◽  
Muller Cell ◽  
And Migration

After experimetnal damage to the retina with a variety of procedures Müller cell hypertrophy and migration occurs. According to Kuwabara and others the reactive process in these injuries is evidenced by a marked increase in amount of glycogen in the Müller cells. These cells were considered originally supporting elements with fiber processes extending throughout the retina from inner limiting membrane to external limiting membrane, but are known now to have high lactic acid dehydrogenase activity and the ability to synthesize glycogen. Since the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique was shown to demonstrate glycogen at the electron microscope level, it was selected to react with glycogen in the fine processes of the Müller cell that ramify among the neural elements in various layers of the retina and demarcate these cells cytologically. The Rhesus monkey was chosen as an example of a well vascularized retina and the rabbit as an example of a avascular retina to explore the possibilities of the technique.

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