Regulation of Chlamydia spreading from the small intestine to the large intestine via an immunological barrier

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conghui He ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Zhi Huo ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Tianjun Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Immunological Barrier

Anatomi Saluran Pencernaan biawak air (Varanus salvator) (Reptil: Varanidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
Ihwan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Animal Population ◽  
Varanus Salvator ◽  
Commercial Purpose ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Biology Laboratory

Excessive hunting and poaching for commercial purpose of Varanus salvator in Indonesia can cause a decline in this animal population. However, the scientific information of this animal especially about the biologic of organ system is rarely reported. Therefore, this case opens up opportunities for researching, which aims to study the anatomy of digestive tract of water monitor macroscopically. This research has been conducted in Biology Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Kupang for 5 months from March to August 2016. The digestive organ of this animal that has been preserved in alcohol 70% was obtained before from two males of water monitors. Preservation process: the animal were anesthetized, exsanguinated, and fixated in 4 paraformaldehyde by tissue perfusion method. Observations were performed to the visceral site and morphometrical of digestive tract. The resulted data was analysed descriptively and presented in tables and figures. The digestive tract of water monitor consist of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and cloaca. The dimension of each organ is different based on its structures and functions. The esophagus of water monitor connects the mouth cavity and the stomach and also as the entrance of food to the stomach. Water monitor stomach were found in cranial part of abdomen, in left side of liver. The small intestine was longer than stomach and it is a winding muscular tube in abdomen in posterior side of liver. The large intestine consist of colon and cloaca, while cecum was not found. This channel was extend lateromedially in abdomen to cloaca between left and right kidneys. The cloaca was the end of digestive tract which excreted feces and urine. From this research, we can conclude that the digestive tract of water monitor consists of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It’s difficult to differentiate small intestine and large intestine because there are no cecum.

scholarly journals DSP Toxin Distribution across Organs in Mice after Acute Oral Administration

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
M. Carmen Louzao ◽  
Paula Abal ◽  
Celia Costas ◽  
Toshiyuki Suzuki ◽  
Ryuichi Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dose Dependency ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Lipophilic Phycotoxins

Okadaic acid (OA) and its main structural analogs dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) are marine lipophilic phycotoxins distributed worldwide that can be accumulated by edible shellfish and can cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). In order to study their toxicokinetics, mice were treated with different doses of OA, DTX1, or DTX2 and signs of toxicity were recorded up to 24 h. Toxin distribution in the main organs from the gastrointestinal tract was assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. Our results indicate a dose-dependency in gastrointestinal absorption of these toxins. Twenty-four hours post-administration, the highest concentration of toxin was detected in the stomach and, in descending order, in the large intestine, small intestine, and liver. There was also a different toxicokinetic pathway between OA, DTX1, and DTX2. When the same toxin doses are compared, more OA than DTX1 is detected in the small intestine. OA and DTX1 showed similar concentrations in the stomach, liver, and large intestine tissues, but the amount of DTX2 is much lower in all these organs, providing information on DSP toxicokinetics for human safety assessment.

scholarly journals Endoscopic Removal of a Press-Through Pack from the Anal Canal

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Ayaka Takasu ◽  
Takashi Ikeya ◽  
Katsuyuki Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Anal Canal ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Anal Pain ◽  
Endoscopic Removal ◽  
Mild Dementia ◽  
Anal Fissures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pass Through

The incidence of press-through pack (PTP) ingestion has been increasing. In many cases, the ingested PTP is lodged in the esophagus. Here, we report a case of endoscopic removal of a PTP from the anal canal. An 89-year-old man with mild dementia presented with a 3-day history of anal pain. On digital rectal examination, we felt a hard and sharp object, which could not be manually removed due to its shape. Therefore, it was removed endoscopically. We inserted an endoscope with a large-caliber soft oblique cap and observed the PTP in the anal canal. It was successfully removed using grasping forceps. The patient was stable, with only mild anal fissures, and no serious complications such as perforation and bleeding were observed. It is generally recognized that a PTP that reaches the large intestine is naturally expelled. Even if a PTP could pass through the pylorus or the small intestine, it could still be difficult to discharge naturally from the anus without discomfort or pain, as in this case.

Biotin studies in pigs

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Kopinski ◽  
Jane Leibholz ◽  
W. L. Bryden
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Maize Flour ◽  
Hind Gut

Eight pigs were given a semi-purified diet based on maize flour and casein containing 10 μg biotin/kg. The diet was given ad lib. with or without a supplement of 70 μg biotin/kg diet from 5 to 94 d of age. The flow of biotin in the stomach was similar to the biotin intake (13.5 and 112 μg/d) for the unsupplemented and biotin-supplemented pigs respectively. The flow of biotin through the small intestine decreased for the biotin-supplemented pigs from 39 μg/d in the first quarter of the small intestine to 7.9 μg/d in the last quarter. The flows of biotin in the caecum, large intestine and colon were similar for both the unsupplemented and biotin-supplemented pigs, with values of 17–54 μg/d, indicating the synthesis of biotin in the hind-gut.

Evaluation of pectin digestion and absorption in the small intestine and of fementation in the large intestine in the same subject

2003 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. A434-A435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Chinda ◽  
Shigeyuki Nakaji ◽  
Shinsaku Fukuda ◽  
Juichi Sakamoto ◽  
Tadashi Shimoyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine

scholarly journals STUDY OF GIT RELATED KOSHTHANGA W.S.R. TO PAKWASHAYA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1466-1468
Author(s):  
Pallavi Gupta ◽  
Divya Nidhi
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
Partial Digestion ◽  
Complete Digestion ◽  
Absolute Knowledge

Human anatomy is the science where human body structures are designed to enable complete physiological action thus establishing homeostasis of the human body. Acharya Sushruta had a keen observation about the human body reflecting that without the absolute knowledge of Rachana Sharir. Chikitsak cannot be considered an expert. In Ayurveda, the part of G.I.T. is mentioned in Koshthanga by various Acharya. These Koshthanga are Aamashaya, Pakwashaya, Purishdhara, Uttarguda, Adharguda, Kshudrantra etc. which are situated within the koshtha. In modern anatomy, G.I.T. or Alimentary canal includes all the structures between the mouth and anus, forming a continuous passageway that includes the main organ of digestion, namely the stomach small intestine and large intestine, each part of the Gastric intestinal tract is adapted to its specific function. The 'oesophagus' function primarily to conduct food rapidly from the pharynx to the stomach mixing along with the digestive juic- es, carrying out partial digestion and then propelling the food into the duodenum is the function of the stomach small intestine is designed for complete digestion and absorption of nutrients. Absorption of water and electrolyte from the chyme to form solid faeces is the function of the large intestine. Pakwashaya is the main organ related to the site of Vata Dosha, Purishvaha srotas, Purishdhara kala, Koshthanga and Aashaya. Pakwashaya plays an important role in formation of urine and digestion of food. Keywords: Pakwashaya, Purish

scholarly journals Uptake of Ferritin by Follicle-associated Epithelium in the Colon of Calves

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Paar ◽  
E. M. Liebler ◽  
J. F. Pohlenz
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
M Cells ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies ◽  
Ascending Colon ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Antigen Uptake ◽  
Follicle Associated Epithelium ◽  
Apical Vesicles ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

Uptake of macromolecules (e.g., ferritin) by M cells in follicle-associated epithelium in small and large intestine was investigated in three healthy, conventionally raised, 2- to 3-week-old, female Holstein Frisian calves. A 2.5% solution of ferritin was injected into the ligated loops in mid-jejunum, in terminal ileum, in the ascending colon adjacent to the ileocecal junction, and in the proximal loop of the ascending colon containing gut-associated lymphoid tissue. After exposure times that ranged from 82 to 165 minutes, ferritin was detected in M cells of domes in the small intestine, as well as in cells in follicle-associated epithelium of proprial lymphoid nodules and lymphoglandular complexes of colon that morphologically resembled M cells of small intestine. Ferritin was found in apical invaginations, apical vesicles, multivesicular bodies, basal vesicles, and adjacent intercellular spaces. In addition to ferritin, apical vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and intercellular spaces contained 50-nm membrane-bound particles. More ferritin was endocytosed by M cells of the small intestine than by M cells of the large intestine. In the large intestine, higher amounts of ferritin were found in M cells of follicle-associated epithelium overlying proprial lymphoid nodules than in M cells of follicle-associated epithelium in the depth of lymphoglandular complexes. Based on these results, we concluded that M cells of follicle-associated epithelium in the colon of calves provide a route for antigen uptake into the intestinal lymphoid system.

scholarly journals Digestion of protein in small and large intestine of the pig

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. G. Holmes ◽  
H. S. Bayley ◽  
P. A. Leadbeater ◽  
F. D. Horney
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Protein Free Diet

1. Six 45 kg pigs with re-entrant ileal cannulas were used in two 3 × 3 Latin-square design experiments to study the site of absorption of protein and amino acids. Semi-purified diets containing soya-bean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM) or no protein source (protein-free) were offered at the rate of 1 kg dry matter/d.2. Flow-rates of ileal contents for 24 h collection periods, corrected for recovery of marker, were 3135, 3127 and 1243 ml (SE 390) for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively.3. Amounts of dry matter digested in the small intestine were 730, 669 and 809 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001).4. Nitrogen intakes were 32·6, 29·9 and 5·9 g/d, and amounts digested in the small intestine were 25·7, 20·2 and 1·6 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001). Amounts digested in the large intestine were 2·6, 3·7 and 0·7 g/d.5. Total amino acid intakes and amounts collected at the ileum and in the faeces were (g/d): SBM, 177, 24 and 18; RSM, 149, 28 and 22; protein-free 3, 9 and 12. Digestibility in the small intestine was higher for SBM than RSM for seventeen of the eighteen amino acids estimated. Greater quantities of arginine, methionine, cystine and tyrosine were voided in the faeces than passed through the ileal cannulas for pigs receiving the SBM and RSM diets. For those receiving the protein-free diet this was true for each amino acid except proline.6. Significant differences were found between all diets in the concentration of some amino acids in ileal and faecal amino-N, and endogenous protein secretions did not mask the differences between diets.7. Differences in digestibility between SBM and RSM were greater at the ileum than in the faeces. Amino acid fermentation in the large intestine obscured or reduced differences between SBM and RSM.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document