Making Heterogeneous Space: Land Development and the Proletarianization of Urban Underclass in Post War Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-79
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Tomotsune
Keyword(s):  
Land Development ◽  
Urban Underclass ◽  
Post War

scholarly journals The daily life in the virgin and fallow lands in 1954–1964

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Andrey Belov ◽  
Andrey Rybin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
State Farm ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
Post War

Based on the records of management documentation, periodicals, memoirs of contemporaries, the article presents an overall picture of the daily life of virgin lands (tselina). The study showed that upon arrival to the new land volunteers were often forced to live in the severe conditions of lack of infrastructure. They had to live in tents or field trailers. At the same time, settlers themselves could improve their living conditions by building state-farm (sovkhoz) settlements. Such work required a lot of effort. The average working time was 12–14 hours a day, regardless of the age, length of service and experience of a volunteer who arrived to the virgin lands. Earnings ranged between 500–1400 rubles per month in average. Food supply system in the new land development areas was essential to support the physical strength of the volunteers. However, as contemporaries remember, the food was unsatisfactory. The diet, as a rule, was monotonous, in view of which workers often staged strikes. In the end, gradually the infrastructure in the virgin lands acquired the level usual for the Central Russia. In particular, leisure time outside the virgin lands was spent in cinemas, clubs, libraries, amateur circles, holding sports competitions. However, social security was in poor condition as well as medical care. Not all medical centers worked; there was a constant lack of doctors, which led to increased injuries. Many volunteers who came to the new lands had no experience in agriculture – in this regard, medicine played an important role in the daily life of virgin lands. New settlers also faced a number of problems, which led to disruption of the usual daily life. In particular, cases of hooliganism caused by alcoholism, fights with lethal outcomes were frequent in the new lands. The indigenous population was often hostile to visitors. In addition, the residents of virgin lands were harmed by the military, who conducted nuclear weapons tests in the vicinity of new farms. In the end, the new settlers were able to cope with the difficulties they were facing and in a short time established a large-scale production of grain crops. Due to this, the country was able to temporarily overcome the food issue that had become urgent in the post-war period. Key words: living conditions, working process, wages, leisure, daily life, virgin and fallow lands.

Links Between War-Time Trauma and Loss and Post-War Social Support: When a Moderator is an Outcome

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Layne ◽  
Brian Allen ◽  
Krys Kaniasty ◽  
Laadan Gharagozloo ◽  
John-Paul Legerski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Post War

DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN FORENSIC MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE ХХ CENTURY

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 446-456
Author(s):  
V. V. Yusupov
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Medicine ◽  
Medical Examination ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Forensic Institutions ◽  
Post War ◽  
Medical Examinations ◽  
The Chairs

The issue of development of forensic institutions of Ukraine in the ХХ century was studied. Until 1917, forensic medical examinations were conducted in the medical compartments of the provincial administrations, at the departments of forensic medicine of universities and in hospitals - by police doctors. The chairs of forensic medicine existed in the St. Vladimir Kyiv University, Kharkiv, Novorosiisk and Lviv Universities. Real organization of Ukrainian forensic medical institutions began in 1919 with the creation of the Medical Examination Department at the People’s Commissariat of Health. In 1923, the Main forensic medical inspection, headed by M. S. Bokarius, was founded. In the provinces the positions of forensic medical inspectors were created. In 1927 the sections of biological research were established in the Kharkiv, Kyiv and Odesa institutes of scientific andforensic expertise,where separate forensic examinations were conducted. In 1949 the institutions of forensic medical examination of the USSR were merged into the Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination, in Ukraine it was held in 1951. It was proved that forensic medical institutions developed at the following chronological stages: 1) until 1917 - forensic medical service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs; 2) 1917-1941 - prewar formation of forensic medical institutions; 3) 1941-1949 -forensic medical institutions during the war and in the first post-war years; 4) 1949-1990s - period of development of the bureau of forensic medical examinations of the countries of the USSR; 5) since the 1990s - development of expert institutions in the public health care system in independent postSoviet states. It’s stressed that formation of the forensic institutions in Ukraine is closely related with the development of forensic medicine departments of higher educational establishments. Forensic medicine departments were the basisfor practicalforensic medicine, professors provided daily assistance to forensic medical experts.

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