l ‐glutamate inhibits blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruits by altering the primary nitrogen and carbon metabolisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiali Yang ◽  
Tengfei Wang ◽  
Jianbing Di ◽  
Yaping Liu ◽  
Xiaoling Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Apple Fruits

scholarly journals Antifungal and Antipatulin Activity of Gluconobacter Oxydans Isolated from Apple Surface

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Bevardi ◽  
Jadranka Frece ◽  
Dragana Mesarek ◽  
Jasna Bošnir ◽  
Jasna Mrvčić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apple Juice ◽  
Gluconobacter Oxydans ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms ◽  
Postharvest Treatment ◽  
Antifungal Potential ◽  
High Level

Fungicides are the most common agents used in postharvest treatment of fruit and are the most effective against blue mould, primarily caused by Penicillium expansum. Alternatively, blue mould can be treated with antagonistic microorganisms naturally occurring on fruit, such as the bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. The aim of this study was to establish the antifungal potential of the G. oxydans 1J strain isolated from apple surface against Penicillium expansum in culture and apple juice and to compare it with the efficiency of a reference strain G. oxydans ATCC 621H. The highest antifungal activity of G. oxydans 1J was observed between days 3 and 9 with no colony growth, while on day 12, P. expansum colony diameter was reduced to 42.3 % of the control diameter. Although G. oxydans 1J did not fully inhibit mould growth, it showed a high level of efficiency and completely prevented patulin accumulation in apple juice.

scholarly journals First Report of Penicillium carneum Causing Blue Mold on Stored Apples in Pennsylvania

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 1823-1823 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Peter ◽  
I. Vico ◽  
V. Gaskins ◽  
W. J. Janisiewicz ◽  
R. A. Saftner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Control ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Fruits ◽  
Β Tubulin

Blue mold decay occurs during long term storage of apples and is predominantly caused by Penicillium expansum Link. Apples harvested in 2010 were stored in a controlled atmosphere at a commercial Pennsylvania apple packing and storage facility, and were examined for occurrence of decay in May 2011. Several decayed apples from different cultivars, exhibiting blue mold symptoms with a sporulating fungus were collected. One isolate recovered from a decayed ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit was identified as P. carneum Frisvad. Genomic DNA was isolated, 800 bp of the 3′ end of the β-tubulin locus was amplified using gene specific primers and sequenced (4). The recovered nucleotide sequence (GenBank Accession No. JX127312) indicated 99% sequence identity with P. carneum strain IBT 3472 (GenBank Accession No. JF302650) (3). The P. carneum colonies strongly sporulated and had a blue green color on potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA), malt extract agar (MEA), and yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) media at 25°C after 7 days. The colonies also had a beige color on plate reverse on CYA and YES media. The species tested positive for the production of alkaloids, as indicated by a violet reaction for the Ehrlich test, and grew on CYA at 30°C and on Czapek with 1,000 ppm propionic acid agar at 25°C; all of which are diagnostic characters of this species (2). The conidiophores were hyaline and tetraverticillate with a finely rough stipe. Conida were produced in long columns, blue green, globose, and averaged 2.9 μm in diameter. To prove pathogenicity, Koch's postulates were conducted using 20 ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruits. Fruits were washed, surface sterilized with 70% ethanol, and placed onto fruit trays. Using a nail, 3-mm wounds were created and inoculated with 50 μl of a 106/ml conidial suspension or water only as a negative control. The fruit trays were placed into boxes and were stored in the laboratory at 20°C for 7 days. The inoculated fruit developed soft watery lesions, with hard defined edges 37 ± 4 mm in diameter. The sporulating fungus was reisolated from infected tissue of all conidia inoculated apples and confirmed to be P. carneum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the β-tubulin locus as described. Water inoculated control apples were symptomless. Originally grouped with P. roqueforti, P. carneum was reclassified in 1996 as a separate species (1). P. carneum is typically associated with meat products, beverages, and bread spoilage and produces patulin, which is not produced by P. roqueforti (1,2). Our isolate of P. carneum was susceptible to the thiabendazole (TBZ) fungicide at 250 ppm, which is below the recommended labeled application rate of 600 ppm. The susceptibility to TBZ suggests that this P. carneum isolate has been recently introduced because resistance to TBZ has evolved rapidly in P. expansum (4). To the best of our knowledge, P. carneum has not previously been described on apple, and this is the first report of P. carneum causing postharvest decay on apple fruits obtained from storage in Pennsylvania. References: (1) M. Boyson et al. Microbiology 142:541, 1996. (2) J. C. Frisvad and R. A. Samson. Stud. Mycol. 49:1, 2004. (3) B. G. Hansen et al. BMC Microbiology 11:202, 2011. (4) P. L. Sholberg et al. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 36:41, 2005.

Penicillium expansum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. S. Onions
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Wounds And Injuries ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Blue Mould

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium expansum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found commonly in soil and in a wide variety of organic material including grains and cereal products, and though generally isolated from mouldy fruit, particularly apples, it also occurs on other pomaceous fruit, cherries, grapes, olives, pineapple and sometimes on citrus and avocado (Raper & Thom 1949, 518-522, & Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Blue mould (soft rot) of apple is characterized by the formation of watery, light or yellowish brown areas on the fruit, which may originate from either the stem or calyx ends. A soft brown rot develops which rapidly destroys the whole fruit. Later, under humid conditions, tufts of massed conidiophores with blue-green conidia appear on the surface of the fruit which gives off a characteristic musty odour. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air and soil-borne spores, especially in orchards. The pathogen commonly enters through wounds and injuries but may also penetrate lenticels (11: 658).

RESISTANCE TO BLUE MOULD (PENICILLIUM EXPANSUM) IN SARDINIAN PEAR GERMPLASM

2014 ◽  
pp. 185-189
Author(s):  
L. Cubaiu ◽  
G. Ladu ◽  
T. Venditti ◽  
G. D'Hallewin
Keyword(s):  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mould

scholarly journals Biocontrol Efficacy of Antagonist Yeasts to Gray Mold and Blue Mold on Apples and Pears in Controlled Atmospheres

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 848-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiping Tian ◽  
Qing Fan ◽  
Yong Xu ◽  
Haibo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cryptococcus Albidus ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Controlled Atmospheres ◽  
Biocontrol Efficacy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Apple Fruits

Biocontrol capability of the yeasts Trichosporon sp. and Cryptococcus albidus against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum was evaluated in apple (cv. Golden Delicious) and pear (cv. Jingbai) fruits at 1°C in air and under controlled atmospheres (CA) with 3% O2 + 3% CO2 or 3% O2 + 8% CO2. Trichosporon sp. controlled gray mold and blue mold of apple fruits more effectively than C. albidus (P < 0.05). Apple fruits treated with Trichosporon sp. and C. albidus had a lower incidence of gray mold rot than blue mold rot in the same storage conditions. Biocontrol efficacy of the yeasts for controlling gray mold and blue mold was better in apples than in pears. Populations of the yeasts in drop-inoculated wounds in fruits increased rapidly after 20 days at 1°C both in air and in CA conditions. There was no significant difference in colony diameters of the two pathogens cultured in 0 to 15% CO2 concentrations after 7 days at 20°C, but the colony diameter of both B. cinerea and P. expansum at 20% CO2 was significantly less than in other treatments (P < 0.05). CA with 3% O2 + 8% CO2 inhibited the pathogenic fungi more than CA with 3% O2 + 3% CO2.

Production of Mycotoxins by Penicillium expansum Inoculated into Apples

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1714-1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
MITSURU WATANABE
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Positive Ion ◽  
Uv And Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Apple Fruits

We investigated the production of mycotoxins in apple fruits inoculated with spores of 40 strains of apple blue mold, Penicillium expansum. Patulin and citrinin contents in the extracts from apples stored at 25°C for 12 days after inoculation were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with UV and fluorescence detection. Patulin and citrinin were produced by 90% (36) and 80% (32) of the 40 strains, indicating that P. expansum is a consistent producer of these mycotoxins. The patulin content in the extracts was substantially higher than the citrinin content. Other mycotoxins whose production in pure culture has been reported were simultaneously detected with high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis with the positive ion mode of electrospray ionization. Along with patulin and citrinin, expansolides A and B were identified based on the HPLC and LC-MS spectral data and detected in 88% (35) of the extracts. The results indicate that P. expansum is a consistent producer of expansolides A and B in rotten areas of apple fruits. The findings raise the possibility that products from decayed apples might contain expansolides A and B in addition to patulin and citrinin.

AVIRULENCE IN PROTOTROPHS OF PENICILLIUM EXPANSUM

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. MacNeill ◽  
G. L. Barron
Keyword(s):  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Apple Fruits

Over 100,000 prototrophic survivors from ultraviolet-irradiated stock were screened for pathogenicity on apple fruits. Of these, seven showed altered pathogenic capacity when compared with the wild type, five having reduced virulence and two being completely avirulent. The nutritional hypothesis of pathogenicity, as presently conceived, seems inadequate to explain the observed changes in virulence. It is suggested that, in the complex association of host and pathogen, the mechanism controlling pathogenicity must be considered as distinct from that which governs the basic metabolism of the parasite.

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