“Cow Is a Mother, Mothers Can Do Anything for Their Children!” Gaushalas as Landscapes of Anthropatriarchy and Hindu Patriarchy

Hypatia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamini Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Feminist Theory ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Feminist Issue ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Gendered Violence ◽  
Animal Agriculture ◽  
Indian Nation

This article argues that gaushalas, or cow shelters, in India are mobilized as sites of Hindutva or Hindu ultranationalism, where it is a “vulnerable” Hindu Indian nation—or the “Hindu mother cow” as Mother India—who needs “sanctuary” from predatory Muslim males. Gaushalas are rendered spaces of (re)production of cows as political, religious, and economic capital, and sustained by the combined and compatible narratives of “anthropatriarchy” and Hindu patriarchy. Anthropatriarchy is framed as the human enactment of gendered oppressions upon animal bodies, and is crucial to sustaining all animal agriculture. Hindu patriarchy refers to the instrumentalization of female and feminized bodies (women, cows, “Mother India”) as “mothers” and cultural guardians of a “pure” Hindu civilization. Both patriarchies commodify bovine motherhood and breastmilk. which this article frames as a feminist issue. Through empirical research, this article demonstrates that gaushalas generally function as spaces of exploitation, incarceration, and gendered violence for the animals. The article broadens posthumanist feminist theory to illustrate how bovine bodies, akin to women's bodies, are mobilized as productive, reproductive, and symbolic capital to advance Hindu extremism and ultranationalism. It subjectifies animal bodies as landscapes of nation‐making using ecofeminism and its subfield of vegan feminism.

Feminist theory and the problem of misogyny

2021 ◽  
pp. 146470012110393
Author(s):  
Samantha Pinson Wrisley
Keyword(s):  
Feminist Theory ◽  
Feminist Scholarship ◽  
Gendered Violence ◽  
Institutional Effects ◽  
Comprehensive Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Dynamic ◽  
Emotional Complexity ◽  
Feminist Work

Feminist theory, broadly construed, lacks a comprehensive theory of misogyny. While there has been a great deal of feminist work dedicated to analysing the social, cultural, political, and institutional effects of misogyny, the ancillary theories of misogyny these analyses produce are only ever partial, fragmented, vague or conceptually inconsistent. This article engages and critiques these theories by focusing on three separate but related issues within existing feminist scholarship on misogyny: the conflation of misogyny with sexism, the elision of misogyny's affective elements and the supplanting of misogyny with gendered violence. Through my identification and critique of these issues, I argue that misogyny should be understood as a profoundly complicated and emotional social dynamic. Moreover, I argue that to attempt to cleanse misogyny of its affective/emotional complexity or conflate misogyny with sexism and/or violence is to rob theorists of possible loci of apprehension and intervention. My hope is that this article will stimulate feminist theorists to work collectively towards a more comprehensive feminist understanding of misogyny – one that grapples with the interpersonal and affective complexities of how misogyny emerges, circulates and self-perpetuates.

scholarly journals Commodification of usada bali: between profit-oriented and negotiation of sasana balian

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-144
Author(s):  
Ida Bagus Suatama ◽  
Anak Agung Ngurah Anom Kumbara ◽  
A. A. Sagung Kartika Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Critical Ethnography ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Mutual Transformation ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Professional Code

The purpose of this research is to understand and explain the discourse and practice of commodifying the usada Bali and negotiating the balian atmosphere in relation to economic interests. The method used is critical ethnography with qualitative analysis. This study found that the practice of commodifying usada Bali by balian was done by manipulating cultural capital, symbolic capital, and economic capital in the domains and dynamics of the habitus of usada Bali treatment to achieve economic goals. In medical practice, the balian people conduct negotiations in the gymnasium as a professional code of ethics in the midst of increasingly tighter competition in medical services. The findings of this study reflect the occurrence of mutual transformation in the practice of Balinese usada medicine due to the hegemony of modernity.

scholarly journals Power Relation In Memoirs Of Geisha And The Dancer

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Mundi Rahayu ◽  
Lia Emelda ◽  
Siti Aisyah
Keyword(s):  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Power Relation ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Character ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Close Interaction ◽  
And Performance

This article aims at comparing the ideas of power relation between themain female character and ―Mother‖ in Arthur Golden‘s Memoirs ofGeisha and Ahmad Tohari‘s The Dancer. These two novels share thesame main female character of traditional entertainers, as a Japanese geisha and a Javanese traditional dancer, respectively. As an entertainer in the traditional sphere, they are bounded with the other women and build close interaction as well as power relation with them who are called ―Mother‖ in the Geisha and ―ronggeng shaman‖ in The Dancer. Thepower relation between them are unique and dynamics. This is analyzed through Foucault‘s theory of power. The result of the analysis shows that the power relation is not stable, and the power practiced by each of them is influenced by the symbolic capital and economic capital they have. The negotiation and contestation come up between the actors in dailypractices as geisha and the mother, as the ―ronggeng‖ and the shaman. As the entertainers, the geisha and ―ronggeng‖ build and shape their body and performance to attract men. This geisha and ronggeng culture reproduce many other cultural product such as ―mizuage‖ in geisha, and ―bukak klambu‖ in ―ronggeng‖ both of which refer to the same thing, selling the woman‘s virginity to the highest bidder. In geisha it is used to benefit the Mother of Okiya and no rebellion of the geisha. On the other hand, Srintil does rebellious action in this ―bukak klambu‖ occasion. There seems to be different message from these two novels, The Dancer is much more questioning the norms covering the ―ronggeng‖ tradition while the Memoirs of Geisha tends to be accepting the geisha tradition as what it is.Keywords: Power Relation; Geisha ; Ronggeng ; Norms

Ritual Practice and Textual Representations

2019 ◽  
pp. 220-238
Author(s):  
André J. Krischer
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Reciprocal Exchange ◽  
Textual Representations ◽  
Ritual Process

Early modern diplomacy was never a princely and aristocratic province alone. Republics also sent and received diplomats or participated in peace conferences. Whereas this sort of republican diplomacy was basically accepted at the princely courts, Free Imperial Cities such as Bremen and Cologne faced significant difficulties when trying to gain recognition. Nonetheless, there were continuous efforts by the imperial cities to play their part in early modern diplomacy, not least because of the prestige that could be earned by participating in this sphere and its rituals. For them foreign relations were always a ritual process: ceremonial interaction was at its centre, since princely recognition of ceremonial receptions or urban emissaries conferred political and social acceptance of the imperial cities’ status. Ceremonial interaction between princes and cities often involved a reciprocal exchange of capital: of economic capital paid back as symbolic capital, as gestures of social recognition which were recorded in detail in the urban books of ceremony. Writing was therefore crucial for the symbolic dimensions of urban diplomacy. The imperial cities’ ceremony books were meant to be filled with reports about ceremony which were regarded as a gain of symbolic capital materialized in writing.

Bourdieu and the Body

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Connell ◽  
Ashley Mears
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
The Body ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Class Reproduction ◽  
The Many

Chapter abstract The work of Pierre Bourdieu provides a framework to see how class position is written on the body and expressed through classed styles of walking, talking, gesturing, eating, drinking, and so forth. This chapter considers how Bourdieu’s work on the body has informed and advanced empirical research on the body. From Bourdieu’s perspective, each body is the visible product of the composition and volumes of class-specific capitals accrued over the course of a lifetime, and it can be a powerful resource, or liability, depending upon the fit between one’s bodily capital and the field in which one is positioned. In particular, the chapter considers how women’s bodies have signified status for men’s class projects far more than the reverse, one of the many gendered implications of bodily capital and class reproduction.

The Problem with ‘Rich Refugees’ Sponsorship, Capital, and the Informal Economy of Tibetan Refugees

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
AUDREY PROST
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Refugee Community ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
Economic Exchanges ◽  
Tibetan Refugee ◽  
Tibetan Refugees

This article examines issues pertaining to the growth of ‘informal’ economic exchanges and relationships of patronage in the Tibetan refugee community of Dharamsala (H-P), India. I firstly review the theoretical and methodological challenges posed by investigations of Tibetan refugee modernity, then focus on one particular form of exchange in the informal economy of exiles: rogs ram, or the sponsorship of Tibetans by foreigners. The article argues that symbolic capital comes to play a particularly important role in communities where economic capital is scarce, acting in fact as a proviso to economic capital. The highly unstable character of symbolic capital means that, for Tibetan refugees as for other communities, its conversion into economic capital is arduous and engenders a tense field of negotiations between sponsors and beneficiaries.

scholarly journals How to Explain Popular to a Dead Hare

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Ott Karulin
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Comparable Data ◽  
Attendance Rate ◽  
Number Of Visits ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High ◽  
Made In

In this article the popular is defined with the tools of field theory by Pierre Bourdieu, that is as production with high degree of outer-field economic capital (measured with the number of visits per production). It is also claimed that on some conditions these productions do not lower the degree of autonomy of the field since theatre manages to convert the economic capital to symbolic capital (nominations for annual awards give evidence of the latter). Such a production is called the Full Game. Based on the comparable data of new productions made in Estonia from 2010 to 2015 (1199 in total) the article will introduce a possible methodology of how to calculate the popular in theatre that considers both the number of visits per production in a year and the use of seating capacity. Following that methodology, there were only sixty-one produc­tions during the chosen period that could be titled popular in a sense that they have a very high degree of outer-field success (these productions are visited 2,4 times more often than the average number of visits per production in one calendar year and have the attendance rate of 95% and higher). Taking into account also the inner-field specific consecration (whether they have been nominated for annual theatre awards), only twenty-three popular productions – among them just one comedy, one musical and one operetta – remain in the list of what I have called the Full Game. That is two per cent of all the new productions of the respective time period.The list of Full Games suggests that the specific theatre, where the production is per­formed plays a significant role for a production to become popular. Only four theatres have had more than one Full Game in 2010–15 in Estonia and two of them – Theatre NO99 and Tallinn City Theatre – are used as case studies to find possible strategies of being popular without loosing specific consecration.

scholarly journals Politics of the Nobility: The Study of Growing Capital Andi in the Mayor`s Election of Palopo 2013-2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Samsul Samsul ◽  
Zuli Qodir
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Community Organizations ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of this research is to find out what causes the weakening of the capital of Andi's nobility in Palopo City in the selection of candidates for mayor and what is the role of Andi's nobility in political contestation. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The results showed that the capital owned by Andi's aristocracy in Palopo City was. First, the social capital built by Andi's nobility had not been carried out in a structured way from relations with the general public, community leaders, with community organizations, to officials in the bureaucracy and most importantly, Political parties. Second, economic capital is an important thing that used in the Mayor Election contestation in the City of Palopo, Bangsawan Andi figure who escaped as a candidate for mayor does not yet have sufficient capital in terms of funds. Third, the cultural capital owned by Bangsawan Andi, who escaped as a candidate for mayor, still lacked a high bargaining value in political contestation in Palopo City. Fourth, the Symbolic Capital is a capital that sufficiently calculated in the mayor election dispute in Palopo City, namely the title of nobility obtained from the blood of the descendants of the Luwu kings, only it must be accompanied by other capital to elected in political contestation.

scholarly journals A Patchwork of Femininities: Working-Class Women’s Fluctuating Gender Performances in a Pakistani Market

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidra Kamran
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Gender Performances ◽  
Working Class Women ◽  
Hegemonic Femininity ◽  
Class Distinction

Scholars have studied multiple femininities across different spaces by attributing variation to cultural/spatial contexts or in the same space by attributing variation to class/race positions. However, we do not yet know how women from the same cultural, class, and race locations may enact multiple femininities in the same context. Drawing on observations and interviews in a women-only bazaar in Pakistan, I show that multiple femininities can exist within the same space and individual. Working-class women workers in Meena Bazaar switched between performances of “pariah femininity” and “hegemonic femininity,” patching together contradictory femininities to secure different types of capitals at the organizational and personal levels. Pariah femininities enabled access to economic capital but typically decreased women’s symbolic capital, whereas hegemonic femininities generated symbolic capital but could block or enable access to economic capital. The concept of a patchwork performance of femininity explains how and why working-class women simultaneously embody idealized and stigmatized forms of femininity. Further, it captures how managerial regimes and personal struggles for class distinction interact to produce contradictory gender performances. By examining gender performances in the context of social stratification, this article explains the structural underpinnings of working-class women’s gendered struggles for respectability and work.

#MeToo, the ICTY, and Intersectionality in Postsocialist Global Capitalism

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-230
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Zenovich ◽  
Leda Cooks
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Feminist Theory ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Criminal Tribunal ◽  
Global Capitalism ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Rape Survivors ◽  
Material Equation ◽  
Postcolonial Feminist Theory ◽  
Postcolonial Feminist

In this essay, we theorize and analyze (some of) the intercultural and intersecting structures that undergird rape and its representation in #MeToo via testimonial examples from rape survivors at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). While we recognize the importance of the ICTY’s ruling and of #MeToo, we remain critical of the conditions that necessitated them and that continue to mark women’s bodies as vulnerable. Utilizing both postsocialist and postcolonial feminist theory as a lens, we specifically look to how bodies are articulated both as capital/property and, in the same international judicial frame, vessels for punishment and justice. We focus on how the ICTY defined justice for rape on a mediated international stage, how identities and cultures were situated discursively in the trial, and the implications for thinking through justice for intersectionality in #MeToo. Our claim is that the symbolic and material equation of women/women’s bodies as property is foundational to the operations of capital. With this framework in mind, it may be useful to consider how undoing capital may in turn challenge the normalization of women’s precarity, victimization, and therefore, experiences of sexual violence.

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