Direct and indirect costs of home healthcare in Japan: A cross‐sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 1109-1117
Author(s):  
Shiori Tomita ◽  
Eri Hoshino ◽  
Keisuke Kamiya ◽  
Osugi Yasuhiro ◽  
Mahbubur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Home Healthcare ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs

Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Before and After the Iran’s Health Transformation Plan: A Cross-Sectional Study on Referral Hospital in the North-West of Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Alipour ◽  
Hamed Zandian ◽  
Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi ◽  
Leili Avesta ◽  
Telma Zahirian Moghadam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Different countries have set different policies to control and decrease the costs of Cardiovascular Diseases(CVDs). Iran aiming reducing the economic burden of different disease by a recent reform from named as health transformation plan(HTP). This study aimed to examine economic burden of CVDs before and after of HTP, Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 600 patients with CVDs, who were randomly selected from a specialized cardiovascular hospital in the north-west of Iran. Direct and indirect costs of CVDs were calculated using cost of illness and human capital approaches. Data were collected using a researcher-made checklist obtained from several sources including structured interviews, the Statistical Center of Iran, Iran's Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare, central bank of the Iran, and the data of global burden of disease obtained from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation to estimate direct and mortality costs. All costs were calculated in Iranian Rials(IRR). Results Total costs of CVDs were about 5571 and 6700 billion IRR before and after the HTP, respectively. More than 62% of the total costs of CVDs accounted for premature death before (64.89%) and after(62.01%) the HTP. The total hospitalization costs of CVDs was significantly increased after the HTP (p=0.038). In both times, surgical services and visiting had the highest and lowest share of hospitalization costs, respectively. The OOP expenditure decreased significantly and reached from 54.2% to 36.7%. All hospitalization costs, except patients' OOP expenditure, were significantly increased after the HTP about 1.3 times. Direct non-medical costs reached from 2.4 to 3.3 billion before and after the HTP, respectively. Conclusion The economic burden of CVDs after the HTP increased in the north-west of Iran due to the increase of all direct and indirect costs, except the OOP expenditure. Non-allocation of defined resources, which coincided with the international and national political and economic challenges in Iran, led to unsustainable resources of the HTP. So, no results of this study can be attributed solely to the HTP. Therefore, studies that are more detailed should be carried out on the reasons for the significant increase in CVDs costs in the region.

Direct and indirect costs and resource use in dementia care: A cross-sectional study in patients living at home

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Farré ◽  
Josep Maria Haro ◽  
Belchin Kostov ◽  
Carme Alvira ◽  
Ester Risco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dementia Care ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
At Home

scholarly journals Pathways and associated costs of care in patients with confirmed and presumptive tuberculosis in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e025079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Mhalu ◽  
Jerry Hella ◽  
Francis Mhimbira ◽  
Khadija Said ◽  
Thomas Mosabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Healthcare Utilisation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Costs Of Care ◽  
Poverty Status

ObjectiveTo assess pathways and associated costs of seeking care from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis in patients with confirmed and presumptive tuberculosis (TB).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingDistrict hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.ParticipantsBacteriologically confirmed TB and presumptive TB patients.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe calculated distance in metres and visualised pathways to healthcare up to five visits for the current episode of sickness. Costs were described by medians and IQRs, with comparisons by gender and poverty status.ResultsOf 100 confirmed and 100 presumptive TB patients, 44% of confirmed patients sought care first at pharmacies after the onset of symptoms, and 42% of presumptive patients did so at hospitals. The median visits made by confirmed patients was 2 (range 1–5) and 2 (range 1–3) by presumptive patients. Patients spent a median of 31% of their monthly household income on health expenditures for all visits. The median total direct costs were higher in confirmed compared with presumptive patients (USD 27.4 [IQR 18.7–48.4] vs USD 19.8 [IQR 13.8–34.0], p=0.02), as were the indirect costs (USD 66.9 [IQR 35.5–150.0] vs USD 46.8 [IQR 20.1–115.3], p<0.001). The indirect costs were higher in men compared with women (USD 64.6 [IQR 31.8–159.1] vs USD 55.6 [IQR 25.1–141.1], p<0.001). The median total distance from patients’ household to healthcare facilities for patients with confirmed and presumptive TB was 2338 m (IQR 1373–4122) and 2009 m (IQR 986–2976) respectively.ConclusionsPatients with confirmed TB have complex pathways and higher costs of care compared with patients with presumptive TB, but the costs of the latter are also substantial. Improving access to healthcare and ensuring integration of different healthcare providers including private, public health practitioners and patients themselves could help in reducing the complex pathways during healthcare seeking and optimal healthcare utilisation.

scholarly journals Factors associated with 30-day readmission after hospitalisation for community-acquired pneumonia in older patients: a cross-sectional study in seven Spanish regions

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e020243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Toledo ◽  
Núria Soldevila ◽  
Núria Torner ◽  
María José Pérez-Lozano ◽  
Elena Espejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Readmission ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Home Healthcare ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Spanish Regions ◽  
Hospital Visits

ObjectiveHospital readmission in patients admitted for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is frequent in the elderly and patients with multiple comorbidities, resulting in a clinical and economic burden. The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with 30-day readmission in patients with CAP.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingThe study was conducted in patients admitted to 20 hospitals in seven Spanish regions during two influenza seasons (2013–2014 and 2014–2015).ParticipantsWe included patients aged ≥65 years admitted through the emergency department with a diagnosis compatible with CAP. Patients who died during the initial hospitalisation and those hospitalised more than 30 days were excluded. Finally, 1756 CAP cases were included and of these, 200 (11.39%) were readmitted.Main outcome measures30-day readmission.ResultsFactors associated with 30-day readmission were living with a person aged <15 years (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.10, 95% CI 1.01 to 4.41), >3 hospital visits during the 90 previous days (aOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.34), chronic respiratory failure (aOR 1.74, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.45), heart failure (aOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.35), chronic liver disease (aOR 2.27, 95% CI 1.20 to 4.31) and discharge to home with home healthcare (aOR 5.61, 95% CI 1.70 to 18.50). No associations were found with pneumococcal or seasonal influenza vaccination in any of the three previous seasons.ConclusionsThis study shows that 11.39% of patients aged ≥65 years initially hospitalised for CAP were readmitted within 30 days after discharge. Rehospitalisation was associated with preventable and non-preventable factors.

scholarly journals How Do Out-of-Pocket Expenditures Affect Healthcare: A Qualitative Insight of Acute Exacerbation among Asthma Patients

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahid Iqbal ◽  
Fahad I. Al-Saikhan ◽  
Nehad J. Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Zahid Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exacerbation ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Asthma Patients ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Out Of Pocket Costs

Introduction: This study was designed to determine the out of pocket costs (OOPCs) of acute exacerbation of asthma (AEA) in asthma patients attending a public hospital. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was done by interviewing the patients using the convenience sampling technique. Data were obtained based on per episode of AEA. OOPCs were calculated based on direct and indirect costs. A total of 128 patients participated in the study. The data were analyzed with SPSS ver 23. Results: The study group comprised of 88 males (68.8%), 57 (44.5%) singles and 67 (52.3%) less than 40 years of age. There were considerable differences found between the severity levels and lengths of hospital stay towards the OOPCs. Conclusion: The severity of the AEA and length of stay in the hospital increase the per episode OOPCs of AEA among asthma patients.

scholarly journals Burden of informal caregivers of chronic respiratory failure patients in Croatia

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Snježana Benko ◽  
Branko Kolarić ◽  
Nada Tomasović Mrčela
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Informal Caregivers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Home Healthcare ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Failure ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Patient Dependency ◽  
Interview Questionnaire

The aim of this study was to determine the level of burden of informal caregivers of chronic respiratory failure patients measured by the Zarit Burden Interview Questionnaire (ZBI) and to identify overburdened informal caregivers who can become hidden patients. We recruited the respondents in two hospitals for lung disease and a home healthcare service in Zagreb during 2020. After they had been identified as primary informal caregivers who provided high intensity informal care for more than six months, they were asked to complete the Croatian version of the ZBI questionnaire and a question­naire on sociodemographic characteristics. We used descriptive methods for statistical analysis in this cross-sectional study. We presented the data in tables as absolute frequencies, percentages and measures of the central tendency, and graphically by using diagrams. The study included 150 informal caregivers. The majority were female, over 50 years of age with high school education. The largest percentage of informal caregivers was retired. The highest scores were given to the statements on worrying about future and patient dependency while the lowest scores were given to the statements on leaving the care to someone else and feelings such as anger or embarrassment caused by the patient. The results of this study show that more than half of informal caregivers of chronic respiratory failure patients are moderately to severely burdened.

scholarly journals Estimation of direct and indirect costs of occupational injuries: A case study in one of the refining industries in Iran in 2015

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Mohamadinejad ◽  
SB Mortazavi ◽  
A Jonidi Jafari ◽  
A Mofidi
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Injuries ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
The Status ◽  
Health Related

Introduction: Occupational injuries can impose a significant cost to the country’s economy. In developing countries, it is usually difficult to get access to occupational injuries data mainly because the lack of appropriate reporting and recording system, and in these countries, making it difficult to accurately estimate the costs of these injuries. The purpose of this study is to estimate the  direct and indirect costs of occupational injuries in one of the Iranian refining industries. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on all occupational injuries, including outpatient injuries to deaths in 2015. Data was collected based on a bottom-up approach, by using the recorded documents and a researcher-made questionnaire. Lastly the direct and indirect costs for different stockholders, including workers and their families, industry and society as a whole, were calculated. Investigated direct costs of occupational injuries included The healthcare costs, out of pocket cost and informal caregiving and Indirect costs included productivity losses, reorganization and investigation costs and home production costs. Results:  It is estimated that occupational injuries impose 103,385 million Rials to the society over a year. Investigated direct costs of occupational injuries imposed 14,152 million Rials (48 million Rials per case). Indirect costs imposed 89,232 million Rials to the society (308 million Rials per case). Also the average healthcare cost per case for fatal injuries is estimate 125 million, for serious injuries 12 million Rials and for outpatient injuries 780,000 Rials Conclusion: According to the results of the study, occupational injuries annually bring significant economic costs to the industry, workers and their families which a significant portion of these costs are indirect costs. These results indicates the status and importance of occupational injuries and therefore can be used by decision-makers and planners in occupational health-related issues.

Does a Graduate Course in Fluency Disorders Make a Difference?

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn R. Klein ◽  
Barbara J. Amster
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Graduate Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Graduate Course ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fluency Disorders ◽  
Introductory Course ◽  
Communicative Disorders

Abstract A study by Yaruss and Quesal (2002), based on responses from 134 of 239 ASHA accredited graduate programs, indicated that approximately 25% of graduate programs in the United States allow students to earn their degree without having coursework in fluency disorders and 66% of programs allow students to graduate without clinical experience treating people who stutter (PWS). It is not surprising that many clinicians report discomfort in treating PWS. This cross-sectional study compares differences in beliefs about the cause of stuttering between freshman undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory course in communicative disorders and graduate students enrolled and in the final weeks of a graduate course in fluency disorders.

Confidence toward vaccination as reported by parents of children admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A cross sectional study

Vacunas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.M. AlGoraini ◽  
N.N. AlDujayn ◽  
M.A. AlRasheed ◽  
Y.E. Bashawri ◽  
S.S. Alsubaie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional
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