scholarly journals Changes in Occupational Tasks and Their Association with Individual Wages and Occupational Mobility

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. e295-e328
Author(s):  
Alexandra Fedorets
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Wage Growth ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Proximity Measure ◽  
Wage Dynamics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Occupational Tasks ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This study provides novel evidence on the relevance of task content changes between and within occupations to wage dynamics of occupational changers and stayers. I use individual-level, cross-sectional data featuring tasks performed on the job to compute a measure of proximity of job contents. Then, I merge this measure to a large-scale panel survey to show that occupational changers experience a wage growth that is declining when the accompanying alterations in task contents are big. For occupational stayers, alterations in task contents generate a positive wage component, beyond tenure effect. However, the results are not robust with respect to the choice of proximity measure and over time.

scholarly journals Examining the Effects of the Sacramento Dockless E-Bike Share on Bicycling and Driving

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Dillon T. Fitch ◽  
Hossain Mohiuddin ◽  
Susan L. Handy
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Combine Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bike Share

One way cities are looking to promote bicycling is by providing publicly or privately operated bike-share services, which enable individuals to rent bicycles for one-way trips. Although many studies have examined the use of bike-share services, little is known about how these services influence individual-level travel behavior more generally. In this study, we examine the behavior of users and non-users of a dockless, electric-assisted bike-share service in the Sacramento region of California. This service, operated by Jump until suspended due to the coronavirus pandemic, was one of the largest of its kind in the U.S., and spanned three California cities: Sacramento, West Sacramento, and Davis. We combine data from a repeat cross-sectional before-and-after survey of residents and a longitudinal panel survey of bike-share users with the goal of examining how the service influenced individual-level bicycling and driving. Results from multilevel regression models suggest that the effect of bike-share on average bicycling and driving at the population level is likely small. However, our results indicate that people who have used-bike share are likely to have increased their bicycling because of bike-share.

scholarly journals News coverage and attitudes on immigration: Public and commercial television news compared

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 642-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Jacobs ◽  
Cecil Meeusen ◽  
Leen d’Haenens
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Television News ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Commercial Television ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Balanced Information ◽  
Over Time

Public and commercial news follow distinct logics. We evaluate this duality in television news coverage on immigration. First, by means of a large-scale content analysis of Flemish television news ( N = 1630), we investigate whether immigration coverage diverges between both broadcasters. Results show that, despite an overall negativity bias and relative homogeneity between the broadcasters, commercial news contains slightly more sensational and tabloid characteristics than public news. The latter promotes a more balanced view of immigration. These differences are stable over time. Second, using cross-sectional and panel data, we assess whether a preference for public versus commercial news is associated with an attitudinal gap in anti-immigrant attitudes. Findings demonstrate that individuals who prefer commercial news are more negative towards immigrants. We suggest that differences in news content may explain this attitudinal gap. In light of the debate around ‘public value’ offered by public service media across Europe, we tentatively conclude that public broadcasters have the potential to foster tolerance and provide balanced information by prioritizing a normative view over a market logic. The linkage between news coverage and the gap in attitudes between commercial and public news viewers warrants closer investigation in the future.

Longitudinal Surveys

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sunshine Hillygus ◽  
Steven Snell
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Longitudinal Surveys ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Change ◽  
The Social ◽  
Panel Attrition ◽  
Panel Conditioning ◽  
Over Time

Longitudinal or panel surveys, in which the same individuals are interviewed repeatedly over time, are increasingly common in the social sciences. The benefit of such surveys is that they track the same respondents so that researchers can measure individual-level change over time, offering greater causal leverage than cross-sectional surveys. Panel surveys share the challenges of other surveys while also facing several unique issues in design, implementation, and analysis. This chapter considers three such challenges: (1) the tension between continuity and innovation in the questionnaire design; (2) panel attrition, whereby some individuals who complete the first wave of the survey fail to participate in subsequent waves; and (3) specific types of measurement error—panel conditioning and seam bias. It includes an overview of these issues and their implications for data quality and outlines approaches for diagnosing and correcting for these issues in the design and analysis of panel surveys.

Self-reported school demands and psychosomatic problems among adolescents – changes in the association between 1988 and 2011?

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Nygren ◽  
Curt Hagquist
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Psychosomatic Problems ◽  
Data Collections ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Aims: The aim of the present study was to examine changes over time in the relationship between self-reported school demands and psychosomatic problems, also considering the impact of student influence and teacher support. Methods: Data from a cross-sectional study (Young in Värmland) including eight data collections (1988–2011) among Swedish students aged 15–16 were used ( n = 20,115). Analyses with multinomial logistic regression and descriptive statistics were applied. Results: Between 1988 and 2011, the proportions of students with a higher degree of psychosomatic problems increased, as did the proportion of students experiencing school demands that were too high. Finer-level analyses based on stratification of student groups did not show any associations at the aggregated level between increases of school demands and psychosomatic problems. Similarly, individual level analyses showed that the strength of the association between school demands and psychosomatic problems was not affected by year of investigation. Conclusions: Changes in school demands over time could not explain the increasing trend in psychosomatic problems among adolescents. Since the relationship between school demands and psychosomatic problems is strong across time, there is, however, a continued need for school-based interventions. More studies are required to gain further understanding of adolescent mental health from a trend perspective.

scholarly journals Tenure, Experience, Human Capital, and Wages: A Tractable Equilibrium Search Model of Wage Dynamics

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 1551-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper Bagger ◽  
François Fontaine ◽  
Fabien Postel-Vinay ◽  
Jean-Marc Robin
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Wage Growth ◽  
Search Model ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
Wage Dynamics ◽  
Equilibrium Search ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Wage Increases

We develop and estimate an equilibrium job search model of worker careers, allowing for human capital accumulation, employer heterogeneity, and individual-level shocks. Wage growth is decomposed into contributions of human capital and job search, within and between jobs. Human capital accumulation is largest for highly educated workers. The contribution from job search to wage growth, both within and between jobs, declines over the first ten years of a career—the “job-shopping” phase of a working life—after which workers settle into high-quality jobs using outside offers to generate gradual wage increases, thus reaping the benefits from competition between employers. (JEL J24, J31, J63, J64)

scholarly journals Trajectories of engagement: a repeated cross-sectional investigation of student perceptions of an online learning environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Palmer ◽  
Dale Holt
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Online Learning Environment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
System Use ◽  
Over Time

Evaluations of online learning environments (OLEs) often present a snapshot of system use. It has been identified in the literature that extended evaluation is required to reveal statistically significant developments in the evolution of system use over time. The research presented here draws on student OLE evaluations surveys run over the period 20042011 and include nearly 6800 responses exploring students’ perceptions of importance of, and satisfaction with elements of their OLE. Across the survey period, satisfaction ratings with all OLE elements rose significantly, suggesting a positive student engagement with the OLE over time. The corresponding ratings of importance of OLE elements generally rose significantly, though a number of elements registered no significant difference in the first two years of the survey, suggesting that short period surveys may struggle to reveal statistically significant trends. OLE element use appeared to be closely linked to perceived value. The OLE elements with the highest mean importance and satisfaction ratings related to student access of online learning resources. Other detailed results are also reported. We demonstrate a method for, and one large-scale case study of, quantifying and visualising the trajectories of engagement that students have had with an institutional OLE over time.Keywords: online learning environment; learning management system; repeated cross-sectional evaluation; student survey(Published: 24 September 2012)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2012, 20: 17143 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v20i0.17143

scholarly journals Rural Poverty Dynamics in Pakistan: Evidence from Three Waves of the Panel Survey

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Arif ◽  
Shujaat Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Rural Poverty ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Poverty Dynamics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Chronic Poverty ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

Poverty analysis in developing countries including Pakistan has in general focused on poverty trends based on cross-sectional datasets, with very little attention being paid to dynamics—of transitory or chronic poverty. Transitory poor are those who move out or fall into poverty between two or more points of time whereas the chronic poor remain in the poverty trap for a significant period of their lives. The static measures of households’ standard of living do not necessarily provide a good insight into their likely stability over time. For instance, a high mobility into or out of poverty may suggest that a higher proportion of a population experiences poverty over time than what the cross-sectional data might show. 1 It also implies that a much smaller proportion of the population experiences chronic poverty contrary to the results of cross-sectional datasets in a particular year [Hossain and Bayes (2010)]. Thus, the analysis of poverty dynamics is important to uncover the true nature of wellbeing of population. Both the micro and macro level socio-demographic and economic factors are likely to affect poverty movements and intergenerational poverty transmission [Krishna (2011)].

Why Do People Engage in Unlawful Political Protest? Examining the Role of Authoritarianism in Illegal Protest Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 1532673X2110532
Author(s):  
Isabel Inguanzo ◽  
Araceli Mateos ◽  
Homero Gil de Zúñiga
Keyword(s):  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Political Protest ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Us ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

Prior research on individual-level drivers of protest has primarily focused on legal protest. However, less is known about what makes people engage in unlawful protest activities. Building upon previous literature on the collective action dilemma, socialization on violent and high-risk social movements, and political psychology, we expect that illegal protest frequency varies at different levels of authoritarianism. We explore the relationship between authoritarian values and illegal protest by analyzing a two-wave panel survey data gathered in the US. The results of cross-sectional, lagged, and autoregressive ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models show that when controlling for legal protest and other relevant variables in protest behavior, authoritarianism predicts illegal protest following an inverted U-shaped relationship. In other words, average levels of authoritarianism predict more frequent engagement in illegal protest, while this frequency decreases as approaching the poles of the authoritarianism scale.

Mapping societal trust and trust in negotiations

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Yao ◽  
Jeanne M. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Question ◽  
National Level ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose It is important to infer and diagnose whether a negotiator is trustworthy. In international negotiations, people may assume that high-trust nations are more likely to produce more trustworthy negotiators. Does this assumption hold universally? This study aims to address this research question by investigating the relationship between national-level societal trust and individual-level trust in negotiations. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a cross-sectional research design and a sample of 910 senior managers from 58 nations or regions. The hypotheses are tested by hierarchical linear modeling. Findings This study draws on the dynamic constructivist theory of culture to propose moderated hypotheses. Results show that societal trust predicts individuals’ social perceptions of attitudinal trust in negotiations, only when cultural face norms are weak rather than strong; societal trust predicts individuals’ social perceptions of behavioral trust in negotiations (i.e. high information sharing and low competitive behavior), only when negotiators process information analytically rather than holistically. Originality/value This study is the first to examine the relationship between national-level societal trust (i.e. generalized trust) and individual-level trust in negotiations (i.e. particularistic trust). It uses a large-scale, multinational sample to show that relying on societal trust to infer trust in negotiations is valid only in Western societies.

The impact of mass-level ideological orientations on immigration policy preferences over time

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-291
Author(s):  
Jens Peter Frølund Thomsen ◽  
Arzoo Rafiqi
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mass Level ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper introduces a dynamic perspective on how (personal) political ideology shapes reactions to immigration policies at the mass level. Greater ethnic diversity and growing calls for multiculturalism represent a disproportionately greater challenge to rightists because they value conformity, tradition, and stability more than leftists. Consequently, we hypothesize that the impact of political ideology on opposition to immigration has become stronger over time. Analyses show that: (a) leftists were less opposed to immigration than rightists in both 2002 and 2014, and (b) rightists have become more opposed to immigration in the time between 2002 and 2014, whereas leftists’ reactions remained stable across this period. We tested our motivated reasoning hypothesis in a repeated cross-sectional (fixed effects regression) analysis of individual-level data from 18 countries (N = 55,367). The individual-level data on political ideology and immigration policy preferences is from the European Social Survey data sets fielded in 2002 and 2014.

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