scholarly journals Impulse Response Dynamics in Weakest Link Games

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian J. Goerg ◽  
Abdolkarim Sadrieh ◽  
Tibor Neugebauer
Keyword(s):  
Impulse Response ◽  
Nash Equilibria ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Quantal Response ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Repeated Interaction ◽  
Weakest Link ◽  
Payoff Dominance ◽  
Multiple Nash Equilibria ◽  
Over Time

Abstract In a recent paper, Croson et al. (2015) experimentally study three weakest link games with multiple symmetric equilibria. They demonstrate that static concepts based on the Nash equilibrium (including multiple Nash equilibria, quantal response equilibria, and equilibrium selection by risk and payoff dominance) cannot successfully capture the observed treatment differences. Using Reinhard Selten’s impulse response dynamics, we derive a proposition that provides a theoretical ranking of contribution levels in the weakest link games. We show that the predicted ranking of treatment outcomes is fully consistent with the observed data. In addition, we demonstrate that the impulse response dynamics perform well in tracking average contributions over time. We conclude that Reinhard Selten’s impulse response dynamics provide an extremely valuable behavioral approach that is not only capable of resolving the indecisiveness of static approaches in games with many equilibria, but that can also be used to track the development of choices over time in games with repeated interaction.

First encounter effects in testing of highly automated vehicles during two experimental occasions – The need for recurrent testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Andersson ◽  
Azra Habibovic ◽  
Daban Rizgary
Keyword(s):  
Driver Behavior ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Repeated Interaction ◽  
Over Time

Abstract To explore driver behavior in highly automated vehicles (HAVs), independent researchers are mainly conducting short experiments. This limits the ability to explore drivers’ behavioral changes over time, which is crucial when research has the intention to reveal human behavior beyond the first-time use. The current paper shows the methodological importance of repeated testing in experience and behavior related studies of HAVs. The study combined quantitative and qualitative data to capture effects of repeated interaction between drivers and HAVs. Each driver ( n = 8 n=8 ) participated in the experiment on two different occasions (∼90 minutes) with one-week interval. On both occasions, the drivers traveled approximately 40 km on a rural road at AstaZero proving grounds in Sweden and encountered various traffic situations. The participants could use automated driving (SAE level 4) or choose to drive manually. Examples of data collected include gaze behavior, perceived safety, as well as interviews and questionnaires capturing general impressions, trust and acceptance. The analysis shows that habituation effects were attenuated over time. The drivers went from being exhilarated on the first occasion, to a more neutral behavior on the second occasion. Furthermore, there were smaller variations in drivers’ self-assessed perceived safety on the second occasion, and drivers were faster to engage in non-driving related activities and become relaxed (e. g., they spent more time glancing off road and could focus more on non-driving related activities such as reading). These findings suggest that exposing drivers to HAVs on two (or more) successive occasions may provide more informative and realistic insights into driver behavior and experience as compared to only one occasion. Repeating an experiment on several occasions is of course a balance between the cost and added value, and future research should investigate in more detail which studies need to be repeated on several occasions and to what extent.

scholarly journals Dinamicke igre ulaska na trziste

2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (165) ◽  
pp. 121-144
Author(s):  
Bozo Stojanovic
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Dynamic Games ◽  
Nash Equilibria ◽  
Dynamic Game ◽  
Backward Induction ◽  
Perfect Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Concept ◽  
Reasonable Solution ◽  
Multiple Nash Equilibria ◽  
Entry Games

Market processes can be analyzed by means of dynamic games. In a number of dynamic games multiple Nash equilibria appear. These equilibria often involve no credible threats the implementation of which is not in the interests of the players making them. The concept of sub game perfect equilibrium rules out these situations by stating that a reasonable solution to a game cannot involve players believing and acting upon noncredible threats or promises. A simple way of finding the sub game perfect Nash equilibrium of a dynamic game is by using the principle of backward induction. To explain how this equilibrium concept is applied, we analyze the dynamic entry games.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Unfolded Protein Response Was Induced During the Early Stage of Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection in A549 Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenglong Rao ◽  
Chan Mao ◽  
Yupei Xia ◽  
Meijuan Zhang ◽  
Zhiqiang Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Burkholderia Pseudomallei ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Lung Epithelial Cells ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Lung Epithelial ◽  
Protein Response ◽  
Over Time

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a zoonotic pathogen that usually affects patients' lungs and causes serious melioidosis. The interaction of B. pseudomallei with its hosts is complex, and cellular response to B. pseudomallei infection in humans still remains to be elucidated. In this study, transcriptomic profiling of B. pseudomallei-infected human lung epithelial A549 cells was performed to characterize the cellular response dynamics during the early infection (EI) stage. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed by using the online databases DAVID 6.8 and KOBAS 3.0. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot were used for validation experiments. Compared with the negative control group (NC), a set of 36 common genes varied over time with a cut-off level of 1.5-fold change, and a P-value < 0.05 was identified. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response (UPR) was enriched as the most noteworthy biological process category, which was enriched as a branch of UPR in the signaling pathway of protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. Other categories, such as inflammatory responses, cell migration, and apoptosis, were also focused. The molecular chaperone Bip (GRP78), PERK, and PERK sensor-dependent phosphorylation of eIF2α (p-eIF2α) and ATF4 were verified to be increasing over time during the EI stage, suggesting that B. pseudomallei infection activated the PERK-mediated UPR in A549 cells. Collectively, these results provide important initial insights into the intimate interaction between B. pseudomallei and lung epithelial cells, which can be further explored toward the elucidation of the cellular mechanisms of B. pseudomallei infections in humans.

scholarly journals TrackSOM: mapping immune response dynamics through sequential clustering of time- and disease-course single-cell cytometry data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Givanna Haryono Putri ◽  
Jonathan Chung ◽  
Davis N Edwards ◽  
Felix Marsh-Wakefield ◽  
Suat Dervish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Over Time

Mapping the dynamics of immune cell populations over time or disease-course is key to understanding immunopathogenesis and devising putative interventions. We present TrackSOM, an algorithm which delineates cellular populations and tracks their development over a time- or disease-course of cytometry datasets. We demonstrate TrackSOM-enabled elucidation of the immune response to West Nile Virus infection in mice, uncovering heterogeneous sub-populations of immune cells and relating their functional evolution to disease severity. TrackSOM is easy to use, encompasses few parameters, is quick to execute, and enables an integrative and dynamic overview of the immune system kinetics that underlie disease progression and/or resolution.

scholarly journals Deception in Finitely Repeated Security Games

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 2133-2140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanh H. Nguyen ◽  
Yongzhao Wang ◽  
Arunesh Sinha ◽  
Michael P. Wellman
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Computational Experiments ◽  
Repeated Interaction ◽  
Security Games ◽  
Attack Data ◽  
Type Information ◽  
Detailed Computation ◽  
Over Time

Allocating resources to defend targets from attack is often complicated by uncertainty about the attacker’s capabilities, objectives, or other underlying characteristics. In a repeated interaction setting, the defender can collect attack data over time to reduce this uncertainty and learn an effective defense. However, a clever attacker can manipulate the attack data to mislead the defender, influencing the learning process toward its own benefit. We investigate strategic deception on the part of an attacker with private type information, who interacts repeatedly with a defender. We present a detailed computation and analysis of both players’ optimal strategies given the attacker may play deceptively. Computational experiments illuminate conditions conducive to strategic deception, and quantify benefits to the attacker. By taking into account the attacker’s deception capacity, the defender can significantly mitigate loss from misleading attack actions.

scholarly journals An Explanation of Anomalous Behavior in Models of Political Participation

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACOB K. GOEREE ◽  
CHARLES A. HOLT
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Nash Equilibria ◽  
Anomalous Behavior ◽  
Comparative Statics ◽  
Quantal Response ◽  
Anomalous Data ◽  
Political Interaction ◽  
Collective Action Problems ◽  
Voting Participation ◽  
Limiting Case

This paper characterizes behavior with “noisy” decision making for models of political interaction characterized by simultaneous binary decisions. Applications include: voting participation games, candidate entry, the volunteer's dilemma, and collective action problems with a contribution threshold. A simple graphical device is used to derive comparative statics and other theoretical properties of a “quantal response” equilibrium, and the resulting predictions are compared with Nash equilibria that arise in the limiting case of no noise. Many anomalous data patterns in laboratory experiments based on these games can be explained in this manner.

scholarly journals Stability of Mixed-Strategy-Based Iterative Logit Quantal Response Dynamics in Game Theory

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e105391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Zhuang ◽  
Zengru Di ◽  
Jinshan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Mixed Strategy ◽  
Quantal Response ◽  
Response Dynamics

What I Say Means What I Do: Risk Concerns and Mobile Application-Selection Behaviors

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110042
Author(s):  
Jing Chen ◽  
Huangyi Ge ◽  
Ninghui Li ◽  
Robert W. Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Privacy Protection ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Weakest Link ◽  
Personalized Risk ◽  
Risk Categories ◽  
Over Time

Objective The goal of this study was to examine the relation between users’ reported risk concerns and their choice behaviors in a mobile application (app) selection task. Background Human users are typically regarded as the weakest link in cybersecurity and privacy protection; however, it is possible to leverage the users’ predilections to increase security. There have been mixed results on the relation between users’ self-reported privacy concerns and their behaviors. Method In three experiments, the timing of self-reported risk concerns was either a few weeks before the app-selection task (pre-screen), immediately before it (pre-task), or immediately after it (post-task). We also varied the availability and placement of clear definitions and quizzes to ensure users’ understanding of the risk categories. Results The post-task report significantly predicted the app-selection behaviors, consistent with prior findings. The pre-screen report was largely inconsistent with the reports implemented around the time of the task, indicating that participants’ risk concerns may not be stable over time and across contexts. Moreover, the pre-task report strongly predicted the app-selection behaviors only when elaborated definitions and quizzes were placed before the pre-task question, indicating the importance of clear understanding of the risk categories. Conclusion Self-reported risk concerns may be unstable over time and across contexts. When explained with clear definitions, self-reported risk concerns obtained immediately before or after the app-selection task significantly predicted app-selection behaviors. Application We discuss implications for including personalized risk concerns during app selection that enable comparison of alternative mobile apps.

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