scholarly journals Global patterns ofRhododendrondiversity: The role of evolutionary time and diversification rates

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 913-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nawal Shrestha ◽  
Zhiheng Wang ◽  
Xiangyan Su ◽  
Xiaoting Xu ◽  
Lisha Lyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Global Patterns

scholarly journals The role of evolutionary time, diversification rates and dispersal in determining the global diversity of a large radiation of passerine birds

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1612-1625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianlong Cai ◽  
Shimiao Shao ◽  
Jonathan D. Kennedy ◽  
Per Alström ◽  
Robert G. Moyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Passerine Birds ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Global Diversity ◽  
Time Diversification

On the role of enemies in divergence and diversification of prey: a review and synthesis

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 894-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M Vamosi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Phenotypic Divergence ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Understanding the contribution of ecological interactions to the origin and maintenance of diversity is a fundamental challenge for ecologists and evolutionary biologists, and one that is currently receiving a great deal of attention. Natural enemies (e.g., predators, parasites, and herbivores) are ubiquitous in food webs and are predicted to have significant impacts on phenotypic diversity and on speciation, and extinction rates of their prey. Spurred by the development of a theoretical framework beginning in the late 1970s, there is now a growing body of literature that addresses the effects of enemy–prey interactions on the evolution of prey. A number of theoretical models predict that enemies can produce phenotypic divergence between closely related species, even in the absence of interspecific competition for resources. Effects on diversification of prey are more variable, and enemies may either enhance or depress speciation and extinction rates of their prey. Empirical evidences from a number of study systems, notably those involving predators and prey in aquatic environments and interactions between insects and flowering plants, confirm both predictions. There is now considerable evidence for the role of enemies, especially those that are size-selective or use visual cues when identifying suitable prey, on phenotypic divergence of sympatric and allopatric taxa. Enemies may spur diversification rates in certain groups under some circumstances, and hinder diversification rates in other cases. I suggest that further research should focus on the role of enemies in diversification of prey, with significant insights likely to be the product of applying traditional experimental approaches and emerging comparative phylogenetic methods.

Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Epidemiology ◽  
Preventive Interventions ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Cancer Etiology ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Global Patterns ◽  
Prevention Of Cancer ◽  
First Time

Since its initial publication in 1982, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention has served as the premier reference work for both students and professionals working to understand the causes and prevention of cancer in humans. Now revised for the first time in more than a decade, this fourth edition provides an updated and comprehensive summary of the global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality, current understanding of the major causal determinants, and a rationale for preventive interventions. In this edition, special attention has been paid to molecular epidemiologic approaches that address the wider role of genetic predisposition and gene-environment interactions in cancer etiology and pathogenesis.

Interaction of epithelium with mesenchyme affects global features of lung architecture: a computer model of development

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 294-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Tebockhorst ◽  
DongYoub Lee ◽  
Anthony S. Wexler ◽  
Michael J. Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Local Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Branching Morphogenesis ◽  
Global Features ◽  
Local Branching ◽  
Morphogen Gradients ◽  
Simple Rules ◽  
Global Patterns ◽  
Architecture Development

Lung airway morphogenesis is simulated in a simplified diffusing environment that simulates the mesenchyme to explore the role of morphogens in airway architecture development. Simple rules govern local branching morphogenesis. Morphogen gradients are modeled by four pairs of sources and their diffusion through the mesenchyme. Sensitivity to lobar architecture and mesenchymal morphogen are explored. Even if the model accurately represents observed patterns of local development, it could not produce realistic global patterns of lung architecture if interaction with its environment was not taken into account, implying that reciprocal interaction between airway growth and morphogens in the mesenchyme plays a critical role in producing realistic global features of lung architecture.

Reproductive Behavior in the Human Male

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-141
Author(s):  
Stefan M. M. Goetz ◽  
Glenn Weisfeld ◽  
Samuele Zilioli
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Parental Effort ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Human Male ◽  
Evolutionary Success

Given the pivotal role of differential reproduction to the evolutionary success of ancestral men, evolution has produced a plethora of reproductive strategies aimed at solving the complexities of intramale competition and satisfying and/or thwarting the reproductive desires of women. Life history theory recognizes that an organism has limited resources and must invest energy appropriately. Broadly, reproductive strategies can be dichotomized into short-term (emphasizing mating over parental effort) versus long-term (emphasizing parenting over mating effort) strategies. Increasingly, the neuroendocrine system—especially testosterone—has been recognized as the proximate mechanism orchestrating adoption of one strategy over the other. This chapter reviews behaviors geared toward solving problems associated with both long-term and short-term reproductive strategies and discusses the neuroendocrine correlates. The adoption of one strategy over another is conceptualized as conditional or facultative adaptations in which strategic switching points are tuned over evolutionary time to produce optimal fitness responses to men’s social and physical conditions.

scholarly journals Role of diversification rates and evolutionary history as a driver of plant naturalization success

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Lenzner ◽  
Susana Magallón ◽  
Wayne Dawson ◽  
Holger Kreft ◽  
Christian König ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Diversification Rates

scholarly journals When acting as a reproductive barrier for sympatric speciation, hybrid sterility can only be primary

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R Forsdyke
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reproductive Barriers ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Hybrid Inviability ◽  
Prezygotic Isolation ◽  
Microscopic Scale ◽  
A New Species

Abstract Animal gametes unite to form a zygote that develops into an adult with gonads that, in turn, produce gametes. Interruption of this germinal cycle by prezygotic or postzygotic reproductive barriers can result in two cycles, each with the potential to evolve into a new species. When the speciation process is complete, members of each species are fully reproductively isolated from those of the other. During speciation a primary barrier may be supported and eventually superceded by a later-appearing secondary barrier. For those holding certain cases of prezygotic isolation to be primary (e.g. elephant cannot copulate with mouse), the onus is to show that they had not been preceded over evolutionary time by periods of postzygotic hybrid inviability (genically determined) or sterility (genically or chromosomally determined). Likewise, the onus is upon those holding cases of hybrid inviability to be primary (e.g. Dobzhansky–Muller epistatic incompatibilities) to show that they had not been preceded by periods, however brief, of hybrid sterility. The latter, when acting as a sympatric barrier causing reproductive isolation, can only be primary. In many cases, hybrid sterility may result from incompatibilities between parental chromosomes that attempt to pair during meiosis in the gonad of their offspring (Winge-Crowther-Bateson incompatibilities). While such incompatibilities have long been observed on a microscopic scale, there is growing evidence for a role of dispersed finer DNA sequence differences (i.e. in base k-mers).

scholarly journals Global patterns of β-diversity along the phylogenetic time-scale: The role of climate and plate tectonics

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1211-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florent Mazel ◽  
Rafael O. Wüest ◽  
Jean-Philippe Lessard ◽  
Julien Renaud ◽  
Gentile Francesco Ficetola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Global Patterns
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document