scholarly journals A test of the integrated evolutionary speed hypothesis in a Neotropical amphibian radiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 804-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Álvaro Dugo-Cota ◽  
Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher ◽  
Carles Vilà ◽  
Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Speed

scholarly journals Patterns of Evolutionary Speed: In Search of a Causal Mechanism

Diversity ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Len Gillman ◽  
Shane Wright
Keyword(s):  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Evolutionary Speed

scholarly journals The Phylogeography of MERS-CoV in Hospital Outbreak-Associated Cases Compared to Sporadic Cases in Saudi Arabia

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 540
Author(s):  
Xin Chen ◽  
Dillon Charles Adam ◽  
Abrar Ahmad Chughtai ◽  
Sacha Stelzer-Braid ◽  
Matthew Scotch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Hospital Outbreak ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Evolutionary Speed ◽  
The Impact

This study compared the phylogeography of MERS-CoV between hospital outbreak-associated cases and sporadic cases in Saudi Arabia. We collected complete genome sequences from human samples in Saudi Arabia and data on the multiple risk factors of human MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia reported from 2012 to 2018. By matching each sequence to human cases, we identified isolates as hospital outbreak-associated cases or sporadic cases. We used Bayesian phylogenetic methods including temporal, discrete trait analysis and phylogeography to uncover transmission routes of MERS-CoV isolates between hospital outbreaks and sporadic cases. Of the 120 sequences collected between 19 June 2012 and 23 January 2017, there were 64 isolates from hospital outbreak-associated cases and 56 from sporadic cases. Overall, MERS-CoV is fast evolving at 7.43 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year. Isolates from hospital outbreaks showed unusually fast evolutionary speed in a shorter time-frame than sporadic cases. Multiple introductions of different MERS-CoV strains occurred in three separate hospital outbreaks. MERS-CoV appears to be mutating in humans. The impact of mutations on viruses transmissibility in humans is unknown.

scholarly journals Support for the evolutionary speed hypothesis from intraspecific population genetic data in the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1825) ◽  
pp. 20152413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Marie Oppold ◽  
João A. M. Pedrosa ◽  
Miklós Bálint ◽  
João B. Diogo ◽  
Julia Ilkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Chironomus Riparius ◽  
Mutation Rates ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Biting Midge ◽  
Diversity Gradient ◽  
Generation Times ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Evolutionary Speed

The evolutionary speed hypothesis (ESH) proposes a causal mechanism for the latitudinal diversity gradient. The central idea of the ESH is that warmer temperatures lead to shorter generation times and increased mutation rates. On an absolute time scale, both should lead to an acceleration of selection and drift. Based on the ESH, we developed predictions regarding the distribution of intraspecific genetic diversity: populations of ectothermic species with more generations per year owing to warmer ambient temperatures should be more differentiated from each other, accumulate more mutations and show evidence for increased mutation rates compared with populations in colder regions. We used the multivoltine insect species Chironomus riparius to test these predictions with cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequence data and found that populations from warmer regions are indeed significantly more differentiated and have significantly more derived haplotypes than populations from colder regions. We also found a significant correlation of the annual mean temperature with the population mutation parameter θ that serves as a proxy for the per generation mutation rate under certain assumptions. This pattern could be corroborated with two nuclear loci. Overall, our results support the ESH and indicate that the thermal regime experienced may be crucially driving the evolution of ectotherms and may thus ultimately govern their speciation rate.

scholarly journals Ecological constraints coupled with deep-time habitat dynamics predict the latitudinal diversity gradient in reef fishes

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1911) ◽  
pp. 20191506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Théo Gaboriau ◽  
Camille Albouy ◽  
Patrice Descombes ◽  
David Mouillot ◽  
Loïc Pellissier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Ecological Constraints ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Latitudinal Diversity Gradient ◽  
Spatial Understanding ◽  
Habitat Dynamics ◽  
Diversity Gradient ◽  
Evolutionary Speed

We develop a spatially explicit model of diversification based on palaeohabitat to explore the predictions of four major hypotheses potentially explaining the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), namely, the ‘time-area’, ‘tropical niche conservatism’, ‘ecological limits’ and ‘evolutionary speed’ hypotheses. We compare simulation outputs to observed diversity gradients in the global reef fish fauna. Our simulations show that these hypotheses are non-mutually exclusive and that their relative influence depends on the time scale considered. Simulations suggest that reef habitat dynamics produced the LDG during deep geological time, while ecological constraints shaped the modern LDG, with a strong influence of the reduction in the latitudinal extent of tropical reefs during the Neogene. Overall, this study illustrates how mechanistic models in ecology and evolution can provide a temporal and spatial understanding of the role of speciation, extinction and dispersal in generating biodiversity patterns.

scholarly journals Industrial Symbiosis Systems: Promoting Carbon Emission Reduction Activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyan Shan ◽  
Junliang Yang ◽  
Guo Wei
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Industrial Symbiosis ◽  
Carbon Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
High Opportunity Cost ◽  
Evolutionary Speed

The carbon emission problem in China needs to be solved urgently. Industrial symbiosis, as an effective means to improve resource efficiency, can better alleviate the carbon emission problem. Under such a circumstance, this paper regards an industrial symbiosis system as a collection of producers, consumers and decomposers, and analyzes the strategic selections and behavioral characteristics of their carbon emission reduction activities through a tripartite evolutionary game model, and then the effects of related parameters on the evolutionary stable strategies of stakeholders are discussed. The results demonstrate that: (1) the regular return and the rate of return determine the ability of stakeholders to undertake carbon reduction activities; (2) the initial willingness of stakeholders to participate will affect the evolutionary speed of the strategies; (3) a high opportunity cost reduces the inertia of stakeholders to carry out carbon emission reductions; (4) producers, consumers and decomposers can avoid “free rides” by signing agreements or adopting punitive measures.

scholarly journals Mechanical influences on in silico tumor evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Rosenbauer ◽  
Marco Berghoff ◽  
James A. Glazier ◽  
Alexander Schug
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Tumor Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Fitness Advantage ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Evolutionary Speed

AbstractExperimental insight and conceptual understanding of tumor growth are steadily growing and leading to new therapeutic interventions. Experiments and clinical studies are able to link single-cell properties to macroscopic tumor attributes. The development of cellular subpopulations in heterogeneous tumors can be understood as an evolutionary system with different cell types competing over both space and nutrients. However, to predict the growth trajectory and development of a tumor, fitness and trade-offs of cell properties in the context of the surroundings are required and often inaccessible. The optimum of the evolutionary trajectory provides a target for intervention, but can mostly not be identified. We propose that the optimal value of cellular properties is influenced by the tumor surrounding. Computational multiscale-modeling of tissue enables the observation of the trajectory of each cell while modeling the tumor surrounding. We model a 3D spheroid tumor and the fitness of individual cells and the evolutionary behavior of the tumor are quantified and linked to global parameters. Cell–cell adhesion and cell motility are two important mechanical properties for cell development and used as free parameters. Mechanical properties alone are able to drive the tumor towards low adhesion.We implement a dynamically changing nutrient surrounding representing the fluctuating blood-supply through blood vessel collapse and angiogenesis. We find that the evolutionary speed depends on the frequency of the fluctuations. We identify a frequency domain in which the evolutionary speed is significantly increased over a tumor with constant nutrient supply. The findings suggest that mechanically-induced fluctuations can accelerate tumor evolution.Author summaryLimited space and nutrients together with competing cell types drive an evolutionary process inside tumors. This process selects for the fittest cell types and optimizes the growing behavior for its local surroundings. An expanding tumor exerts mechanical forces on its cells and its surroundings, leading to a fluctuating nutrient supply through collapsing blood vessels. Here, we observe the influence of a dynamically changing surrounding on the evolutionary behavior of heterogeneous tumors in a high-resolution computational model. We find that the evolutionary speed depends on the frequency of the fluctuations and a fitness advantage of low-adhesion cells.

scholarly journals Evolvability and Speed of Evolutionary Algorithms in Light of Recent Developments in Biology

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Hu ◽  
Wolfgang Banzhaf
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithms ◽  
Evolutionary Computation ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Evolutionary Systems ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Accelerate Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Speed

Biological and artificial evolutionary systems exhibit varying degrees of evolvability and different rates of evolution. Such quantities can be affected by various factors. Here, we review some evolutionary mechanisms and discuss new developments in biology that can potentially improve evolvability or accelerate evolution in artificial systems. Biological notions are discussed to the degree they correspond to notions in Evolutionary Computation. We hope that the findings put forward here can be used to design computational models of evolution that produce significant gains in evolvability and evolutionary speed.

EVOLUTIONARY SPEED OF SPECIES INVASIONS

Evolution ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela García-Ramos ◽  
Diego Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Species Invasions ◽  
Evolutionary Speed
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