A global synthesis of below-ground carbon responses to biotic disturbance: a meta-analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baocheng Zhang ◽  
Xuhui Zhou ◽  
Lingyan Zhou ◽  
Ruiting Ju
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Biotic Disturbance

scholarly journals Variability of above-ground litter inputs alters soil physicochemical and biological processes: a meta-analysis of litterfall-manipulation experiments

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 7423-7433 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Xu ◽  
L. L. Liu ◽  
E. J. Sayer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycling ◽  
Litter Addition ◽  
Litter Removal ◽  
Litter Manipulation ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Abstract. Global change has been shown to alter the amount of above-ground litter inputs to soil greatly, which could cause substantial cascading effects on below-ground biogeochemical cycling. Despite extensive study, there is uncertainty about how changes in above-ground litter inputs affect soil carbon and nutrient turnover and transformation. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis on 70 litter-manipulation experiments in order to assess how changes in above-ground litter inputs alter soil physicochemical properties, carbon dynamics and nutrient cycles. Our results demonstrated that litter removal decreased soil respiration by 34%, microbial biomass carbon in the mineral soil by 39% and total carbon in the mineral soil by 10%, whereas litter addition increased them by 31, 26 and 10%, respectively. This suggests that greater litter inputs increase the soil carbon sink despite higher rates of carbon release and transformation. Total nitrogen and extractable inorganic nitrogen in the mineral soil decreased by 17 and 30%, respectively, under litter removal, but were not altered by litter addition. Overall, litter manipulation had a significant impact upon soil temperature and moisture, but not soil pH; litter inputs were more crucial in buffering soil temperature and moisture fluctuations in grassland than in forest. Compared to other ecosystems, tropical and subtropical forests were more sensitive to variation in litter inputs, as altered litter inputs affected the turnover and accumulation of soil carbon and nutrients more substantially over a shorter time period. Our study demonstrates that although the magnitude of responses differed greatly among ecosystems, the direction of the responses was very similar across different ecosystems. Interactions between plant productivity and below-ground biogeochemical cycling need to be taken into account to predict ecosystem responses to environmental change.

scholarly journals Species richness alters spatial nutrient heterogeneity effects on above-ground plant biomass

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 20170510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nianxun Xi ◽  
Chunhui Zhang ◽  
Juliette M. G. Bloor
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Nutrient Heterogeneity ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Heterogeneity Effects ◽  
Community Production

Previous studies have suggested that spatial nutrient heterogeneity promotes plant nutrient capture and growth. However, little is known about how spatial nutrient heterogeneity interacts with key community attributes to affect plant community production. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate how nitrogen heterogeneity effects vary with species richness and plant density. Effect size was calculated using the natural log of the ratio in plant biomass between heterogeneous and homogeneous conditions. Effect sizes were significantly above zero, reflecting positive effects of spatial nutrient heterogeneity on community production. However, species richness decreased the magnitude of heterogeneity effects on above-ground biomass. The magnitude of heterogeneity effects on below-ground biomass did not vary with species richness. Moreover, we detected no modification in heterogeneity effects with plant density. Our results highlight the importance of species richness for ecosystem function. Asynchrony between above- and below-ground responses to spatial nutrient heterogeneity and species richness could have significant implications for biotic interactions and biogeochemical cycling in the long term.

Effects of litter manipulation on soil biochemical processes: A global meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyi He ◽  
Jiguang Feng ◽  
Biao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Litter Addition ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Litter Removal ◽  
Litter Manipulation ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Multiple Variables

<p>Global changes can alter the quantity and quality of above-and below-ground inputs, which will affect soil carbon (C) dynamics and nutrient cycles. The effects of detritus from above- and below-ground are not entirely uniform. Although numerous experiments have been conducted, the general patterns of how litter manipulation affect soil biochemical processes and whether such effects varied among changes in above- and below-ground inputs remain unclear.</p><p>Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of 2181 observations from 216 published studies to examine the responses of belowground processes to manipulated above- and below-ground litter alterations.Our results showed that, across all studies, litter manipulation generally had significant effects on soil moisture, but had minor effects on soil temperature and pH. Litter addition generally stimulated C and nutrient cycle, and microbial variables, whereas removal of litter, root and both of them generally suppressed or did not change these processes. Specifically, litter addition significantly increased soil respiration (R<sub>s</sub>) and soil organic carbon (SOC) content in the mineral soil by 24.5% and 6.2%, respectively. Litter removal, root removal, and no inputs (removal of both litter and root) reduced R<sub>s</sub> by 23.6%, 38.1%, and 50.2%, respectively. Litter removal and no inputs on average decreased SOC content in the mineral soil by 19% and 22.8%, respectively, but such negative effect did not occur under root removal. This suggests that aboveground litter may be more valid in soil C stabilization than roots within a relatively short period. In addition, manipulation level also regulated the responses of SOC, R<sub>s</sub> and MBC to litter alterations. The direction of litter manipulation effects on multiple variables are basically similar among ecosystem types.</p><p>Overall, our findings provide a reference for assessing the impact of primary productivity growth on C and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems under global changes, and highlight that the effects of aboveground litters and roots should be separately incorporated into soil C models.</p>

Organic carbon storage in the biomass and soils of hedgerows

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Drexler ◽  
Axel Don
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Below Ground

<p>The establishment of hedgerows as traditional form of agroforestry in Europe is a promising strategy to promote carbon sinks in the context of climate change mitigation. However, only few studies quantified the potential of hedgerows to sequester and store carbon. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to gain a quantitative overview about the carbon storage in the above- and below-ground biomass and soils of hedgerows.</p><p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) data of hedgerows and adjacent agricultural fields of nine studies with 83 hedgerow sites was compiled. On average, the establishment of hedgerows on cropland increased SOC by 32%. No significant differences were found between the SOC storage of hedgerows and that of grassland. The literature survey on the biomass carbon stocks of hedgerows resulted in 23 sampled hedgerows, which were supplemented by own biomass data of 49 hedgerows from northern Germany. Biomass stocks increased with time since last coppicing and hedgerow height. The mean (± SD) above-ground biomass carbon stock of the analysed hedgerows was 48 ± 29 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup>. Below-ground biomass values seemed mostly underestimated, as they were calculated from above-ground biomass via fixed assumed root:shoot ratios not specific for hedgerows. Only one study reported measured root biomass under hedgerows with a root:shoot ratio of 0.94:1 ± 0.084. With this shoot:root ratio an average below-ground biomass carbon stock of 45 ± 28 Mg C ha<sup>-1 </sup>was estimated, but with high uncertainty.</p><p>Thus, the establishment of hedgerows on cropland could lead to a SOC sequestration of 1.0 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup> over a 20-year period. Additionally, up to 9.4 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup> could be sequestered in the hedgerow biomass over a 10 year period. In total, hedgerows store 106 ± 41 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> more C than croplands. Our results indicate that organic carbon stored in hedgerows is similar high as in forests. We discuss how the establishment of hedgerows, especially on cropland, can thus be an effective option for C sequestration in agricultural landscapes, meanwhile enhance biodiversity, and soil protection.</p>

scholarly journals Phenological mismatches between above- and below-ground plant responses to climate warming: a global synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiying Liu ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Junjiong Shao ◽  
Xuhui Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Plant Phenology ◽  
Herbaceous Plants ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Below Ground

Abstract Climate warming is changing above-ground phenology of plants around the world1, 2. However, warming effects on below-ground phenology of plants are unclear despite that roots play a vital role in carbon cycling3. By conducting a global meta-analysis, we show a phenological mismatch between above- and below-ground plant responses to climate warming. Herbaceous plants advanced both the start and end of the growing season based on their above-ground responses, resulting into a shorter growing season. Below-ground phenophases did not exhibit any obvious changes in herbaceous plants. In contrast, climate warming did not affect the length of above-ground growing season but extended the below-ground growing season of woody plants. These results highlight that climate warming can differentially affect above- and below-ground plant phenology with mismatches arising in herbaceous plants via less responsive below-ground phenology whereas mismatches in woody plants via more responsive below-ground phenology. Mismatches in above- and below-ground plant phenology imply that terrestrial carbon cycling models exclusively based on above-ground responses are less accurate, which highlight the urgent need to incorporate below-ground plant phenology into future Earth system models.

scholarly journals Caution Is Needed in Quantifying Terrestrial Biomass Responses to Elevated Temperature: Meta-Analyses of Field-Based Experimental Warming Across China

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Yan ◽  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
Yahuang Luo ◽  
Zhenghong Wang ◽  
Deli Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Plant Phylogeny ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Meta Analyses

Certainty over warming-induced biomass accumulation is essential for addressing climate change. However, no previous meta-analysis has investigated this accumulation across the whole of China; also unclear are the differences between herbaceous and woody species and across plant phylogeny, which are critical for corresponding re-vegetation. We extracted data from 90 field-based experiments to reveal general patterns and driving factors of biomass responses all over China. Based on traditional meta-analyses, a warmer temperature significantly increased above- (10.8%) and below-ground (14.2%) biomass accumulation. With increasing warming duration (WarmD) and plant clade age, both above-ground and below-ground biomass showed significant increases. However, for herbaceous versus woody plants, and the whole community versus its dominant species, responses were not always constant; the combined synergies would affect accumulative response patterns. When considering WarmD as a weight, decreases in total above-ground biomass response magnitude were presented, and the increase in below-ground biomass was no longer significant; notably, significant positive responses remained in tree species. However, if phylogenetic information was included in the calculations, all warming-induced plant biomass increases were not significant. Thus, it is still premature to speculate whether warming induces biomass increases in China; further long-term experiments are needed regarding phylogeny-based responses and interspecies relations, especially regarding woody plants and forests.

Below‐ground responses to insect herbivory in ecosystems with woody plant canopies: A meta‐analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 917-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeppe Å. Kristensen ◽  
Johannes Rousk ◽  
Daniel B. Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plant ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Plant Canopies ◽  
Below Ground

scholarly journals From genes to ecosystems: a synthesis of the effects of plant genetic factors across levels of organization

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1523) ◽  
pp. 1607-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph K. Bailey ◽  
Jennifer A. Schweitzer ◽  
Francisco Úbeda ◽  
Julia Koricheva ◽  
Carri J. LeRoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Genetic Introgression ◽  
Levels Of Organization ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Genes To Ecosystems

Using two genetic approaches and seven different plant systems, we present findings from a meta-analysis examining the strength of the effects of plant genetic introgression and genotypic diversity across individual, community and ecosystem levels with the goal of synthesizing the patterns to date. We found that (i) the strength of plant genetic effects can be quite high; however, the overall strength of genetic effects on most response variables declined as the levels of organization increased. (ii) Plant genetic effects varied such that introgression had a greater impact on individual phenotypes than extended effects on arthropods or microbes/fungi. By contrast, the greatest effects of genotypic diversity were on arthropods. (iii) Plant genetic effects were greater on above-ground versus below-ground processes, but there was no difference between terrestrial and aquatic environments. (iv) The strength of the effects of intraspecific genotypic diversity tended to be weaker than interspecific genetic introgression. (v) Although genetic effects generally decline across levels of organization, in some cases they do not, suggesting that specific organisms and/or processes may respond more than others to underlying genetic variation. Because patterns in the overall impacts of introgression and genotypic diversity were generally consistent across diverse study systems and consistent with theoretical expectations, these results provide generality for understanding the extended consequences of plant genetic variation across levels of organization, with evolutionary implications.

The effects of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA on biomarkers of inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yali Wei ◽  
Yan Meng ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Liyong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Inflammation Markers ◽  
Pufa Supplementation ◽  
Long Chain

The purpose of the systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine if low-ratio n-6/n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation affects serum inflammation markers based on current studies.

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