Improved phenological escape can help temperate tree seedlings maintain demographic performance under climate change conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin R. Lee ◽  
Inés Ibáñez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Demographic Performance

scholarly journals Climate Change Impact in Charlands in Central Area of Bangladesh: Assessing Vulnerability and Adaptation by the Farming Communities

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
BK Roy ◽  
MB Ullah ◽  
MH Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Cold Wave ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Climate Change Assessment

Bangladesh, with an area of 147 thousand km2 and population of 149.78 million, is prone to natural hazards (PHC, 2011). The objectives of the study were to determine the climatic parameter specially temperature and rainfall pattern, assess hazard, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change. Assessment was made during April to June 2013 in char areas of Kazipur upazila under Sirajgonj district. Primary data were collected through Focus Group Discussions and direct observation of the researcher. Secondary data were collected from various publications of government and non-government agencies. Workshops were also conducted at union and upazila level to justify, validate and improve the findings from village levels discussion. Major vulnerabilities faced by the char (island) people were drown of children and old people, lack of safe drinking water, close institutions, crackdown of embankments and roads, river erosion, stagnant water, infertility of cultivable lands, deposits and on crop field, submerse of crops, float away of fishes from ponds, PPR disease of goats, sell cattle at lower price, migration, increase abduction and robbery, increase lightning and cold wave. The major adaptation practiced by the char people was raise homesteads, articulate extra pipes with the tube wells, repair embankments and roads, plant tree seedlings, cultivate advanced crops, vegetables in floating beds, drought tolerant crops, cold wave tolerant and early maturity crop, vaccinate the cattle, drill deep tube wells and reserve fodder (CVCA, 2012).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v7i2.22205 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 7(2): 59-63 2014

scholarly journals Climate change effects on early stages of Quercus ariifolia (Fagaceae), an endemic oak from seasonally dry forests of Mexico

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto I. Badano ◽  
Francisco A. Guerra-Coss ◽  
Erik J. Sánchez-Montes de Oca ◽  
Carlos I. Briones-Herrera ◽  
Sandra M. Gelviz-Gelvez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Dry Forests ◽  
Tree Recruitment ◽  
Seasonally Dry

Background and Aims: Tree recruitment in seasonally dry forests occurs during the rainy season. However, higher temperatures and reduced rainfalls are expected in these ecosystems because of climate change. These changes could induce drought conditions during the rainy season and affect tree recruitment. Plants subjected to thermal or water stress often display morphological and physiological shifts addressed to prioritize their survival. If recently emerged tree seedlings display these responses, this could improve their development during the rainy season and increase their survival chances. Our aim was to test whether recently emerged oak seedlings display these responses.Methods: We performed a field experiment with Quercus ariifolia, an oak species endemic to seasonally dry forests of central Mexico. At the beginning of the rainy season (September 2016), we sowed acorns of this species in control plots under the current climate and plots in which climate change was simulated by increasing temperature and reducing rainfall (CCS plots). Seedling emergence and survival were monitored every seven days during the rainy season (until January 2017). At the end of the experiment, we measured several functional traits on surviving seedlings and compared them between controls and CCS plots.Key results: Higher temperature and lower rainfall generated water shortage conditions in CCS plots. This did not affect emergence of seedlings but reduced their survival. Seedlings that survived in CCS plots displayed shifts in their functional traits, which matched with those of plants subjected to thermal and water stress.Conclusions: Our results suggest that climate change can increase the extinction risk of Q. ariifolia in seasonally dry forest of Mexico by reducing the survival of its offspring. Nevertheless, the results also suggest that seedlings developed under climate change conditions can display functional shifts that could confer them tolerance to increased drought.

scholarly journals Demographic performance of European tree species at their hot and cold climatic edges

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Kunstler ◽  
Arnaud Guyennon ◽  
Sophia Ratcliffe ◽  
Nadja Rüger ◽  
Paloma Ruiz-Benito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Passage Time ◽  
Weak Links ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen Content ◽  
List Type ◽  
Demographic Performance ◽  
Demographic Response ◽  
Demographic Responses

AbstractSpecies range limits are thought to result from a decline in demographic performance at range edges. However, recent studies reporting contradictory patterns in species demographic performance at their edges cast doubt on our ability to predict climate change demographic impacts. To understand these inconsistent demographic responses at the edges, we need to shift the focus from geographic to climatic edges and analyse how species responses vary with climatic constraints at the edge and species’ ecological strategy.Here we parameterised integral projection models with climate and competition effects for 27 tree species using forest inventory data from over 90,000 plots across Europe. Our models estimate size-dependent climatic responses and evaluate their effects on two life trajectory metrics: lifespan and passage time – the time to grow to a large size. Then we predicted growth, survival, lifespan, and passage time at the hot and dry or cold and wet edges and compared them to their values at the species climatic centre to derive indices of demographic response at the edge. Using these indices, we investigated whether differences in species demographic response between hot and cold edges could be explained by their position along the climate gradient and functional traits related to their climate stress tolerance.We found that at cold and wet edges of European tree species, growth and passage time were constrained, whereas at their hot and dry edges, survival and lifespan were constrained. Demographic constraints at the edge were stronger for species occurring in extreme conditions, i.e. in hot edges of hot-distributed species and cold edges of cold-distributed species. Species leaf nitrogen content was strongly linked to their demographic responses at the edge. In contrast, we found only weak links with wood density, leaf size, and xylem vulnerability to embolism.Synthesis. Our study presents a more complicated picture than previously thought with demographic responses that differ between hot and cold edges. Predictions of climate change impacts should be refined to include edge and species characteristics.

scholarly journals Functional responses of recently emerged seedlings of an endemic Mexican oak (Quercus eduardii) under climate change conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 582
Author(s):  
Ernesto I. Badano ◽  
Francisco A. Guerra-Coss ◽  
Sandra M. Gelviz-Gelvez ◽  
Joel Flores ◽  
Pablo Delgado-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Climate Change Simulation ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Climate change will increase temperature and reduce rainfall across temperate forests of Mexico. This can alter tree establishment dynamics within forest and in neighbouring man-made clearings.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses:</strong> Climate change will reduce emergence and survival of tree seedlings, and surviving plants will display functional responses matching with these changes. These effects should be more noticeable in clearings due to the lack of canopy cover.</p><p><strong>Studied species</strong>: <em>Quercus eduardii</em> (Fagaceae, section <em>Lobatae</em>) an oak species endemic to Mexico.</p><p><strong>Study site and years of study</strong>: Tree growing season 2015-2016 (rainy season) in a mature oak forest and a neighbouring clearing in Sierra de Álvarez, state of San Luis Potosí.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In both habitats, we established control plots (under current climatic conditions) and climate change simulation plots (increased temperature and reduced rainfall). At the beginning of the growing season, we sowed acorns of <em>Q. eduardii</em> in these plots and monitored the emergence, survival and growth of seedlings. At the end of the growing season, we assessed functional responses on surviving seedlings.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Seedling emergence and survival were lower in climate change plots from both habitats. However, differences in survival between climate treatments were larger within the forest. Seedlings from climate change plots displayed functional responses indicating higher levels of thermal and water stress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study indicates that climate change will constrain tree recruitment in Mexican oak forests. However, contrary to our expectations, it seems that these effects will be higher within forests than in man-made clearings.</p>

scholarly journals Temperate tree seedlings have similar drought vulnerability despite having different hydraulic drought responses in adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin R Lee ◽  
Inés Ibáñez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Drought Response ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Drought Vulnerability ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate

Climate change is projected result in higher frequencies of drought events across the world and lead to reduced performance in many temperate tree species. However, many studies in this area focus specifically on adult tree drought responses and overlook how trees in other age classes might differ in their vulnerability. Evidence shows that seedling drought response can differ from that of adults and furthermore that demographic performance in the seedling age class will have disproportionately strong effects on the assembly dynamics of future forests, together suggesting that understanding seedling drought responses will be critical to our ability to predict how forests will respond to climate change. In this study, we measured four indices of hydraulic response to drought (leaf water potential, photosynthetic capacity, non-structural carbohydrate concentration, and hydraulic conductivity), as well as interaction effects with shade treatments, for seedlings of two temperate tree species that differ in their adult drought response: isohydric Acer saccharum and anisohydric Quercus rubra . We found a strong isohydric response in A. saccharum seedlings that included conservation of leaf water potentials (> -1.8 MPa) and reductions in non-structural carbohydrate concentrations consistent with reduction of stomatal conductance. Quercus rubra seedlings were able to survive to more negative water potentials, but only rarely, and they showed a similar reduction in photosynthetic capacity as was found for A. saccharum . Our results suggest that, although Q. rubra seedlings display some anisohydric responses to drought, they are more isohydric than adults. Both species seem to be relatively similar in their vulnerability to drought despite the differences predicted from adult drought response, and our results suggest that seedlings of both species will be similarly vulnerable to future drought events.

Averting robo-bees: why free-flying robotic bees are a bad idea

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-729
Author(s):  
Roslyn Gleadow ◽  
Jim Hanan ◽  
Alan Dorin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Food Security ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Native Habitat ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Insect Interactions

Food security and the sustainability of native ecosystems depends on plant-insect interactions in countless ways. Recently reported rapid and immense declines in insect numbers due to climate change, the use of pesticides and herbicides, the introduction of agricultural monocultures, and the destruction of insect native habitat, are all potential contributors to this grave situation. Some researchers are working towards a future where natural insect pollinators might be replaced with free-flying robotic bees, an ecologically problematic proposal. We argue instead that creating environments that are friendly to bees and exploring the use of other species for pollination and bio-control, particularly in non-European countries, are more ecologically sound approaches. The computer simulation of insect-plant interactions is a far more measured application of technology that may assist in managing, or averting, ‘Insect Armageddon' from both practical and ethical viewpoints.

Modelling ecosystem adaptation and dangerous rates of global warming

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Millington ◽  
Peter M. Cox ◽  
Jonathan R. Moore ◽  
Gabriel Yvon-Durocher
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Diffusion Rate ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Genetic Evolution ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Rapid Climate Change ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
Intraspecies Competition ◽  
High Trait

Abstract We are in a period of relatively rapid climate change. This poses challenges for individual species and threatens the ecosystem services that humanity relies upon. Temperature is a key stressor. In a warming climate, individual organisms may be able to shift their thermal optima through phenotypic plasticity. However, such plasticity is unlikely to be sufficient over the coming centuries. Resilience to warming will also depend on how fast the distribution of traits that define a species can adapt through other methods, in particular through redistribution of the abundance of variants within the population and through genetic evolution. In this paper, we use a simple theoretical ‘trait diffusion’ model to explore how the resilience of a given species to climate change depends on the initial trait diversity (biodiversity), the trait diffusion rate (mutation rate), and the lifetime of the organism. We estimate theoretical dangerous rates of continuous global warming that would exceed the ability of a species to adapt through trait diffusion, and therefore lead to a collapse in the overall productivity of the species. As the rate of adaptation through intraspecies competition and genetic evolution decreases with species lifetime, we find critical rates of change that also depend fundamentally on lifetime. Dangerous rates of warming vary from 1°C per lifetime (at low trait diffusion rate) to 8°C per lifetime (at high trait diffusion rate). We conclude that rapid climate change is liable to favour short-lived organisms (e.g. microbes) rather than longer-lived organisms (e.g. trees).

Climate change and breeding success: decline of the capercaillie in Scotland

2001 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Moss ◽  
James Oswald ◽  
David Baines
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Breeding Success
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