Ocean acidification has little effect on developmental thermal windows of echinoderms from Antarctica to the tropics

Sam E. Karelitz; Sven Uthicke; Shawna A. Foo; Mike F. Barker; Maria Byrne; Danilo Pecorino; Miles D. Lamare

doi:10.1111/gcb.13452

Decrease in volume and density of foraminiferal shells with progressing ocean acidification

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-99427-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Azumi Kuroyanagi ◽

Takahiro Irie ◽

Shunichi Kinoshita ◽

Hodaka Kawahata ◽

Atsushi Suzuki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Partial Pressure ◽

Ocean Acidification ◽

Benthic Foraminifera ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Carbonate Production ◽

Large Benthic Foraminifera ◽

Seawater Ph ◽

Ph Conditions ◽

Calcification Process ◽

The Tropics

AbstractRapid increases in anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 partial pressure have led to a decrease in the pH of seawater. Calcifying organisms generally respond negatively to ocean acidification. Foraminifera are one of the major carbonate producers in the ocean; however, whether calcification reduction by ocean acidification affects either foraminiferal shell volume or density, or both, has yet to be investigated. In this study, we cultured asexually reproducing specimens of Amphisorus kudakajimensis, a dinoflagellate endosymbiont-bearing large benthic foraminifera (LBF), under different pH conditions (pH 7.7–8.3, NBS scale). The results suggest that changes in seawater pH would affect not only the quantity (i.e., shell volume) but also the quality (i.e., shell density) of foraminiferal calcification. We proposed that pH and temperature affect these growth parameters differently because (1) they have differences in the contribution to the calcification process (e.g., Ca2+-ATPase and Ω) and (2) pH mainly affects calcification and temperature mainly affects photosynthesis. Our findings also suggest that, under the IPCC RCP8.5 scenario, both ocean acidification and warming will have a significant impact on reef foraminiferal carbonate production by the end of this century, even in the tropics.

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Projected impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on the global biogeography of planktonic foraminifera

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-11-10083-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 10083-10121

Author(s):

T. Roy ◽

F. Lombard ◽

L. Bopp ◽

M. Gehlen

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Ocean Acidification ◽

Food Availability ◽

Large Scale ◽

Planktonic Foraminifera ◽

Global Ocean ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Carbonate Concentration ◽

Calcite Saturation ◽

The Tropics

Abstract. Planktonic foraminifera are a major contributor to the deep carbonate-flux and the planktonic biomass of the global ocean. Their microfossil deposits form one of the richest databases for reconstructing paleoenvironments, particularly through changes in their taxonomic and shell composition. Using an empirically-based foraminifer model that incorporates three known major physiological drivers of foraminifer biogeography – temperature, food and light – we investigate (i) the global redistribution of planktonic foraminifera under anthropogenic climate change, and (ii) the alteration of the carbonate chemistry of foraminifer habitat with ocean acidification. The present-day and future (2090–2100) 3-D distributions of foraminifera are simulated using temperature, plankton biomass, and light from an Earth system model forced with historical and a future (IPCC A2) high CO2 emission scenario. The broadscale patterns of present day foraminifer biogeography are well reproduced. Foraminifer abundance and diversity are projected to decrease in the tropics and subpolar regions and increase in the subtropics and around the poles. In the tropics, the geographical shifts are driven by temperature, while the vertical shifts are driven by both temperature and food availability. In the high-latitudes, vertical shifts are driven by food availability, while geographical shifts are driven by both food availability and temperature. Changes in the marine carbon cycle would be expected in response to (i) the large-scale rearrangements in foraminifer abundance, and (ii) the reduction of the carbonate concentration in the habitat range of planktonic foraminifers: from 10–30 μmol kg−1 in the polar/subpolar regions to 30–70 μmol kg−1 in the subtropical/tropical regions. High-latitude species are most vulnerable to anthropogenic change: their abundance and available habitat decrease and up to 10% of their habitat drops below the calcite saturation horizon.

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Projected impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on the global biogeography of planktonic Foraminifera

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-12-2873-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2873-2889 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

T. Roy ◽

F. Lombard ◽

L. Bopp ◽

M. Gehlen

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Ocean Acidification ◽

Large Scale ◽

Planktonic Foraminifera ◽

Marine Carbonate ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Calcite Saturation ◽

Abundance And Diversity ◽

The Tropics ◽

Carbonate Flux

Abstract. Planktonic Foraminifera are a major contributor to the deep carbonate flux and their microfossil deposits form one of the richest databases for reconstructing paleoenvironments, particularly through changes in their taxonomic and shell composition. Using an empirically based planktonic foraminifer model that incorporates three known major physiological drivers of their biogeography – temperature, food and light – we investigate (i) the global redistribution of planktonic Foraminifera under anthropogenic climate change and (ii) the alteration of the carbonate chemistry of foraminiferal habitat with ocean acidification. The present-day and future (2090–2100) 3-D distributions of Foraminifera are simulated using temperature, plankton biomass and light from an Earth system model forced with a historical and a future (IPCC A2) high CO2 emission scenario. Foraminiferal abundance and diversity are projected to decrease in the tropics and subpolar regions and increase in the subtropics and around the poles. Temperature is the dominant control on the future change in the biogeography of Foraminifera. Yet food availability acts to either reinforce or counteract the temperature-driven changes. In the tropics and subtropics the largely temperature-driven shift to depth is enhanced by the increased concentration of phytoplankton at depth. In the higher latitudes the food-driven response partly offsets the temperature-driven reduction both in the subsurface and across large geographical regions. The large-scale rearrangements in foraminiferal abundance and the reduction in the carbonate ion concentrations in the habitat range of planktonic foraminifers – from 10–30 μmol kg−1 in their polar and subpolar habitats to 30–70 μmol kg−1 in their subtropical and tropical habitats – would be expected to lead to changes in the marine carbonate flux. High-latitude species are most vulnerable to anthropogenic change: their abundance and available habitat decrease and up to 10% of the volume of their habitat drops below the calcite saturation horizon.

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Ocean acidification impacts on coastal ecosystem services due to habitat degradation

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences ◽

10.1042/etls20180117 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 197-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Jason M. Hall-Spencer ◽

Ben P. Harvey

Keyword(s):

Ocean Acidification ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Habitat Degradation ◽

Scale Up ◽

Rapid Change ◽

Coastal Protection ◽

Seawater Chemistry ◽

Goods And Services ◽

The Tropics ◽

Fossil Fuel Emissions

Abstract The oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions is changing seawater chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification. The chemistry of this rapid change in surface waters is well understood and readily detectable in oceanic observations, yet there is uncertainty about the effects of ocean acidification on society since it is difficult to scale-up from laboratory and mesocosm tests. Here, we provide a synthesis of the likely effects of ocean acidification on ecosystem properties, functions and services based on observations along natural gradients in pCO2. Studies at CO2 seeps worldwide show that biogenic habitats are particularly sensitive to ocean acidification and that their degradation results in less coastal protection and less habitat provisioning for fisheries. The risks to marine goods and services amplify with increasing acidification causing shifts to macroalgal dominance, habitat degradation and a loss of biodiversity at seep sites in the tropics, the sub-tropics and on temperate coasts. Based on this empirical evidence, we expect ocean acidification to have serious consequences for the millions of people who are dependent on coastal protection, fisheries and aquaculture. If humanity is able to make cuts in fossil fuel emissions, this will reduce costs to society and avoid the changes in coastal ecosystems seen in areas with projected pCO2 levels. A binding international agreement for the oceans should build on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal to ‘minimise and address the impacts of ocean acidification’.

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