scholarly journals Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1884-1896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristy J. Kroeker ◽  
Rebecca L. Kordas ◽  
Ryan Crim ◽  
Iris E. Hendriks ◽  
Laura Ramajo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Organisms

scholarly journals Impact of Ocean Acidification on Marine Organisms—Unifying Principles and New Paradigms

Water ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 5592-5598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Hall-Spencer ◽  
Mike Thorndyke ◽  
Sam Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Unifying Principles

Parasitic infection alters the physiological response of a marine gastropod to ocean acidification

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (11) ◽  
pp. 1397-1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. MACLEOD ◽  
R. POULIN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Consumption Rates

SUMMARYIncreased hydrogen ion concentration and decreased carbonate ion concentration in seawater are the most physiologically relevant consequences of ocean acidification (OA). Changes to either chemical species may increase the metabolic cost of physiological processes in marine organisms, and reduce the energy available for growth, reproduction and survival. Parasitic infection also increases the energetic demands experienced by marine organisms, and may reduce host tolerance to stressors associated with OA. This study assessed the combined metabolic effects of parasitic infection and OA on an intertidal gastropod,Zeacumantus subcarinatus. Oxygen consumption rates and tissue glucose content were recorded in snails infected with one of three trematode parasites, and an uninfected control group, maintained in acidified (7·6 and 7·4 pH) or unmodified (8·1 pH) seawater. Exposure to acidified seawater significantly altered the oxygen consumption rates and tissue glucose content of infected and uninfected snails, and there were clear differences in the magnitude of these changes between snails infected with different species of trematode. These results indicate that the combined effects of OA and parasitic infection significantly alter the energy requirements ofZ. subcarinatus, and that the species of the infecting parasite may play an important role in determining the tolerance of marine gastropods to OA.

scholarly journals Cymodocea nodosa response to simulated CO2-driven ocean acidification: a first insight from global transcriptome profiling

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Ruocco ◽  
Procaccini Gabriele ◽  
Francesco Musacchia ◽  
Remo Sanges ◽  
Irene Olivé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transcriptome Assembly ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Cymodocea Nodosa ◽  
Field Station ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Co2 Levels

Global climate changes are imposing multiple pressures to marine organisms. The rising atmospheric CO2 concentration is causing substantial changes in ocean physics, chemistry and biology. At least three synergic environmental stressors have been recognized as primary driven by CO2 emissions: ocean warming, oxygen loss and ocean acidification. The effects of CO2-driven ocean acidification on seagrass metabolism remain largely understudied. A few studies have been conducted near submarine volcanic vents, which mimic the future ocean acidification scenarios, allowing researchers to investigate the performance of marine organisms under long-term exposure to high-CO2 levels. Apart from these, some mesocosm-based experiments have investigated growth and physiological responses to high CO2. For this work, we built an outdoor mesocosm facility at the Centre of Marine Sciences’ field station in Algarve, Portugal, to experimentally manipulate CO2 levels and investigate the effects of high-CO2/low pH on seagrass metabolism and underlying molecular mechanisms. Cymodocea nodosa plants were collected in Cadiz Bay at the end of January 2014 and transported to the mesocosm facility. After a one week acclimation period, C. nodosa were either kept under normal (400 ppm) or elevated (1200 ppm) CO2 concentration for 12 days. Water physico-chemical parameters, irradiance, and chlorophyll-fluorescence-derived photosynthetic parameters were monitored on a daily basis. Here we present, for the first time in this species, results obtained using Illumina RNAseq technology and de-novo transcriptome assembly. Using C. nodosa RNAs extracted at the beginning and the end of the experiment, we assembled more than 70 thousands unique transcripts and were able to annotate more than 90% of them using the Annocript pipeline. Differential expression analysis revealed about 500 transcripts significantly differentially regulated between plants kept under control and high-CO2 conditions. Pathways showing largest changes in gene expression included isoprenoid and amino-acid biosynthesis, porphyrin-containing compound metabolism, amine and polyamine biosynthesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Transcriptome sequencing also significantly increases the molecular resources available for C. nodosa, almost completely absent before this study.

scholarly journals Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1419-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristy J. Kroeker ◽  
Rebecca L. Kordas ◽  
Ryan N. Crim ◽  
Gerald G. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Marine Organisms

scholarly journals Interactive effects of metal pollution and ocean acidification on physiology of marine organisms

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna V. Ivanina ◽  
Inna M. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Physiological Functions

Abstract Changes in the global environment such as ocean acidification (OA) may interact with anthropogenic pollutants including trace metals threatening the integrity of marine ecosystems. We analyze recent studies on the interactive effects of OA and trace metals on marine organisms with a focus on the physiological basis of these interactions. Our analysis shows that the responses to elevated CO2 and metals are strongly dependent on the species, developmental stage, metal biochemistry and the degree of environmental hypercapnia, and cannot be directly predicted from the CO2-induced changes in metal solubility and speciation. The key physiological functions affected by both the OA and trace metal exposures involve acid-base regulation, protein turnover and mitochondrial bioenergetics, reflecting the sensitivity of the underlying molecular and cellular pathways to CO2and metals. Physiological interactions between elevated CO2 and metals may impact the organisms’ capacity to maintain acid-base homeostasis and reduce the amount of energy available for fitness-related functions such as growth, development and reproduction thereby affecting survival and performance of estuarine populations. Environmental hypercapnia may also affect the marine food webs by altering predator-prey interactions and the trophic transfer of metals in the food chain. However, our understanding of the degree to which these effects can impact the function and integrity of marine ecosystems is limited due the scarcity of the published research and its bias towards certain taxonomic groups. Future research priorities should include studies of metal x PCO2 interactions focusing on critical physiological functions (including acid-base, protein and energy homeostasis) in a greater range of ecologically and economically important marine species, as well as including the field populations naturally exposed (and potentially adapted) to different levels of metals and CO2 in their environments.

Ocean acidification reduces sperm flagellar motility in broadcast spawning reef invertebrates

Zygote ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaya Morita ◽  
Ryota Suwa ◽  
Akira Iguchi ◽  
Masako Nakamura ◽  
Kazuaki Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Haploid Genome ◽  
Flagellar Motility ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Broadcast Spawning ◽  
Wide Range

SummaryOcean acidification is now recognized as a threat to marine ecosystems; however, the effect of ocean acidification on fertilization in marine organisms is still largely unknown. In this study, we focused on sperm flagellar motility in broadcast spawning reef invertebrates (a coral and a sea cucumber). Below pH 7.7, the pH predicted to occur within the next 100 years, sperm flagellar motility was seriously impaired in these organisms. Considering that sperm flagellar motility is indispensable for transporting the paternal haploid genome for fertilization, fertilization taking place in seawater may decline in the not too distant future. Urgent surveys are necessary for a better understanding of the physiological consequences of ocean acidification on sperm flagellar motility in a wide range of marine invertebrates.

scholarly journals Reviews and Syntheses: Ocean acidification and its potential impacts on marine ecosystems

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 10939-10983 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. G. Mostofa ◽  
C.-Q. Liu ◽  
W. D. Zhai ◽  
M. Minella ◽  
D. Vione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Algal Toxins ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Ocean acidification, a complex phenomenon that lowers seawater pH, is the net outcome of several contributions. They include the dissolution of increasing atmospheric CO2 that adds up with dissolved inorganic carbon (dissolved CO2, H2CO3, HCO3−, and CO32−) generated upon mineralization of primary producers (PP) and dissolved organic matter (DOM). The aquatic processes leading to inorganic carbon are substantially affected by increased DOM and nutrients via terrestrial runoff, acidic rainfall, increased PP and algal blooms, nitrification, denitrification, sulfate reduction, global warming (GW), and by atmospheric CO2 itself through enhanced photosynthesis. They are consecutively associated with enhanced ocean acidification, hypoxia in acidified deeper seawater, pathogens, algal toxins, oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species, and thermal stress caused by longer stratification periods as an effect of GW. We discuss the mechanistic insights into the aforementioned processes and pH changes, with particular focus on processes taking place with different time scales (including the diurnal one) in surface and subsurface seawater. This review also discusses these collective influences to assess their potential detrimental effects to marine organisms, and of ecosystem processes and services. Our review of the effects operating in synergy with ocean acidification will provide a broad insight into the potential impact of acidification itself on biological processes. The foreseen danger to marine organisms by acidification is in fact expected to be amplified by several concurrent and interacting phenomena.

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