Impacts of climate change on the complex life cycles of fish

Pierre Petitgas; Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp; Mark Dickey-Collas; Georg H. Engelhard; Myron A. Peck; John K. Pinnegar; Ken Drinkwater; Martin Huret; Richard D. M. Nash

doi:10.1111/fog.12010

Parasite vulnerability to climate change: an evidence-based functional trait approach

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.160535 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 160535 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Carrie A. Cizauskas ◽

Colin J. Carlson ◽

Kevin R. Burgio ◽

Chris F. Clements ◽

Eric R. Dougherty ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Parasite Species ◽

Trophic Group ◽

Functional Trait ◽

Life Cycles ◽

Biological Traits ◽

Complex Life Cycles ◽

Vulnerability To Climate Change ◽

Parasite Biology ◽

Parasite Conservation

Despite the number of virulent pathogens that are projected to benefit from global change and to spread in the next century, we suggest that a combination of coextinction risk and climate sensitivity could make parasites at least as extinction prone as any other trophic group. However, the existing interdisciplinary toolbox for identifying species threatened by climate change is inadequate or inappropriate when considering parasites as conservation targets. A functional trait approach can be used to connect parasites' ecological role to their risk of disappearance, but this is complicated by the taxonomic and functional diversity of many parasite clades. Here, we propose biological traits that may render parasite species particularly vulnerable to extinction (including high host specificity, complex life cycles and narrow climatic tolerance), and identify critical gaps in our knowledge of parasite biology and ecology. By doing so, we provide criteria to identify vulnerable parasite species and triage parasite conservation efforts.

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Phenotypic plasticity is aligned with phenological adaptation on micro- and macroevolutionary timescales

10.1101/2021.01.26.428241 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen P. De Lisle ◽

Maarit I. Mäenpää ◽

Erik I. Svensson

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Phenotypic Plasticity ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Adaptive Response ◽

Field Data ◽

Developmental Plasticity ◽

Life Stage ◽

Single Species ◽

Life Cycles ◽

Complex Life Cycles

AbstractPhenology is a key determinant of fitness, particularly in organisms with complex life cycles with dramatic transitions from an aquatic to a terrestrial life stage. Because optimum phenology is influenced by local environmental conditions, particularly temperature, phenotypic plasticity could play an important role in adaptation to seasonally variable environments. Here, we used a 18-generation longitudinal field dataset from a wild insect (the damselfly Ischnura elegans) and show that phenology has strongly advanced, coinciding with increasing temperatures in northern Europe. Using individual fitness data, we show this advancement is most likely an adaptive response towards a thermally-dependent moving fitness optimum. These field data were complemented with a laboratory experiment, revealing that developmental plasticity to temperature quantitatively matches the environmental dependence of selection and can explain the observed phenological advance. We expand the analysis to the macroevolutionary level, using a public database of over 1 million occurrence records on the phenology of Swedish damselfly and dragonfly species. Combining spatiotemporally matched temperature data and phylogenetic information, we estimated the phenological reaction norms towards temperature for 49 Swedish species. We show that thermal plasticity in phenology is more closely aligned with local adaptation for odonate species that have recently colonized northern latitudes, whereas there is more mismatch at lower latitudes. Our results show that phenological plasticity plays a key role in microevolutionary adaptation within in a single species, and also suggest that such plasticity may have facilitated post-Pleistocene range expansion at the macroevolutionary scale in this insect clade.Impact StatementOrganisms with complex life cycles must time their life-history transitions to match environmental conditions favorable to survival and reproduction. The timing of these transitions – phenology – is therefore of critical importance, and phenology a key trait in adaptive responses to climate change. Here, we use field data from a single species and phylogenetic comparative from over 1 million individual damselfly and dragonfly records to show that plasticity in phenology underlies adaptation at both the microevolutionary scale (across generations in a single species) and the macroevolutionary scale (across deep time in a clade). Our results indicates that phenotypic plasticity has the potential to explain variation in phenology and adaptive response to climate change across disparate evolutionary time scales.

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Transgenerational responses of molluscs and echinoderms to changing ocean conditions

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fsv254 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 537-549 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Pauline M. Ross ◽

Laura Parker ◽

Maria Byrne

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Life History ◽

Life Cycles ◽

Abnormal Development ◽

Phenotypic Change ◽

Life History Stage ◽

Carryover Effects ◽

Complex Life Cycles ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract We are beginning to understand how the larvae of molluscs and echinoderms with complex life cycles will be affected by climate change. Early experiments using short-term exposures suggested that larvae in oceans predicted to increase in acidification and temperature will be smaller in size, take longer to develop, and have a greater incidence of abnormal development. More realistic experiments which factored in the complex life cycles of molluscs and echinoderms found impacts not as severe as predicted. This is because the performance of one life history stage led to a significant carryover effect on the subsequent life history stage. Carryover effects that arise within a generation, for example, embryonic and larval stages, can influence juvenile and adult success. Carryover effects can also arise across a generation, known as transgenerational plasticity (TGP). A transgenerational response or TGP can be defined as a phenotypic change in offspring in response to the environmental stress experienced by a parent before fertilization. In the small number of experiments which have measured the transgenerational response of molluscs and echinoderms to elevated CO2, TGP has been observed in the larval offspring. If we are to safeguard ecological and economically significant mollusc and echinoderm species against climate change then we require more knowledge of the impacts that carryover effects have within and across generations as well as an understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for such adaptation.

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