Ecology and behavior predict an evolutionary trade‐off between song complexity and elaborate plumages in antwrens (Aves, Thamnophilidae)

Evolution ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Beco ◽  
Luís F. Silveira ◽  
Elizabeth P. Derryberry ◽  
Gustavo A. Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Trade Off ◽  
Song Complexity ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals The Adaptive Trade-Off between Detection and Discrimination in Cortical Representations and Behavior

Neuron ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 1152-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas R. Ollerenshaw ◽  
He J.V. Zheng ◽  
Daniel C. Millard ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Garrett B. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Trade Off ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Cortical Representations

scholarly journals Novel multicellular prokaryote discovered next to an underground stream

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouhei Mizuno ◽  
Mais Maree ◽  
Toshihiko Nagamura ◽  
Akihiro Koga ◽  
Satoru Hirayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Solid Surface ◽  
Nematic Phase ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Missing Link ◽  
Cellular Behavior ◽  
Limestone Cave ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractThe emergence of multicellularity is a key event in the evolution of life and is an attractive challenge among researchers, including those investigating the artificial design of cellular behavior1. Multicellular organisms are widely distributed on Earth, and retracing the specific conditions conducive for the initial transition from unicellularity to multicellularity is difficult. However, by examining organisms that inhabit unique (e.g., isolated) environmental niches, we may be able to get a glimpse into primitive multicellularity in the context of a given environment. Here we report the discovery of a new bacterium that displayed multicellular-like characteristics and behavior. The bacterium, which was isolated adjacent to an underground stream in a limestone cave, is to be named Jeongeupia sacculi sp. nov. HS-3. On a solid surface, HS-3 self-organizes its filamentous cells to form an appearance similar to the nematic phase of a liquid crystal2. Mature colonies produce and accommodate clusters of coccobacillus progeny, and release them upon contact with water. HS-3 demonstrated novel, spatiotemporally regulated multicellularity that can resolve the so-called ‘competition-dispersal trade-off’ problem3. This study illustrates a hypothetical missing link on the emergence of multicellularity.

scholarly journals Spectrogram cross-correlation can be used to measure the complexity of bird vocalizations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suyash Sawant ◽  
Chiti Arvind ◽  
Viral Joshi ◽  
V. V. Robin
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
New Method ◽  
Spectral Features ◽  
Complexity Measures ◽  
Song Complexity ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
And Behavior

Birdsong is an important signal in mate attraction and territorial defense. Quantifying the complexity of these songs can shed light on individual fitness, sexual selection, and behavior. Several techniques have been used to quantify song complexity and be broadly categorized into diversity indices, measures of stationary probabilities, and measures of sequential variations. However, these methods are unable to account for important acoustic features like the frequency bandwidth and the variety in the shape of syllables which are an integral part of these vocal signals. This study proposes a new complexity measure that considers intra-song note variability and calculates a weighted index for birdsongs using spectral cross-correlation. We compared the previously described methods to understand the advantages and limitations based on the factors that would be affecting the complexity of songs. We developed a new method- Note Variability Index (NVI), which incorporates the spectral features of notes while quantifying complexity. This measure alleviates the need for manual annotations of notes that can be error-prone. We used Spectrogram Cross-Correlation (SPCC) to compare notes within a song and used the output values to quantify song complexity. To check for the efficacy of the new method, we generated synthetic songs to caricature extremes in song complexity and compared selected conventional complexity measures along with the NVI. We provide case-specific limitations of these methods. Additionally, to examine the efficacy of this new method in real-world scenarios, we used natural birdsongs from multiple species across the globe with varying song structures to compare conventional methods with NVI. To our knowledge, NVI is the only song complexity method that captures the variation of spectral features of notes in songs where the conventional methods fail to distinguish between similar song structures with different note types. As NVI does not need a manual classification of notes, it can be easily implemented for any type of birdsong with existing sound analysis softwares; it is very quick, avoids the possible biases in note classification, and can possibly be automated for large datasets in the future.

scholarly journals Associative Learning and Motivation Differentially Requires Neuroligin-1 at Excitatory Synapses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Luo ◽  
Jessica M Tan ◽  
Jess Nithianantharajah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Response Effort ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Signaling Complex ◽  
Neural Computations ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTIn a changing environment, a challenge for the brain is to flexibly guide adaptive behavior towards survival. Understanding how these decision-making processes and underlying neural computations are orchestrated by the structural components of the brain, from circuits to cells, and ultimately the signaling complex of proteins at synapses, is central to elucidating the mechanisms that shape normal and abnormal brain connectivity, plasticity and behavior. At excitatory synapses, neuroligin-1 (Nlgn1) a postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecule required for the formation of trans-synaptic complexes with presynaptic partners is critical for regulating synapse specification, function and plasticity. Extensive evidence shows Nlgn1 is essential for synaptic transmission and long-term plasticity, but how these signaling processes ultimately regulate components of cognitive behavior is much less understood. Here, employing a comprehensive battery of touchscreen-based cognitive assays, we measured two key decision problems: i) the ability to learn and exploit the associative structure of the environment and ii) the trade-off between potential rewards and costs, or positive and negative utilities associated with available actions. We found that mice lacking Nlgn1 have an intact capacity to acquire complex associative structures and adjust learned associations. However, loss of Nlgn1 alters motivation leading to a reduced willingness to overcome response effort for reward and an increased willingness to exert effort to escape an aversive situation. We suggest Nlgn1 may be important for balancing the weighting on positive and negative utilities in reward-cost trade-off. Our findings identify Nlgn1 is essential for regulating distinct cognitive processes underlying decision-making, providing evidence of a new model for dissociating the computations underlying learning and motivational processing.

scholarly journals Topological Data Analysis of C. elegans Locomotion and Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashleigh Thomas ◽  
Kathleen Bates ◽  
Alex Elchesen ◽  
Iryna Hartsock ◽  
Hang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Persistent Homology ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Topological Data Analysis ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
High Throughput Data ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Topological Data

We apply topological data analysis to the behavior of C. elegans, a widely studied model organism in biology. In particular, we use topology to produce a quantitative summary of complex behavior which may be applied to high-throughput data. Our methods allow us to distinguish and classify videos from various environmental conditions and we analyze the trade-off between accuracy and interpretability. Furthermore, we present a novel technique for visualizing the outputs of our analysis in terms of the input. Specifically, we use representative cycles of persistent homology to produce synthetic videos of stereotypical behaviors.

Game Theory Approach in Multicriteria Optimization of Function Generating Mechanisms

1979 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Rao ◽  
S. K. Hati
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Multicriteria Optimization ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Pareto Optimal Solution ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Pareto Optimal ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Structural Error ◽  
And Behavior

The multicriteria optimization of function generating mechanisms is considered using game theory. Specifically the design of spherical four-revolute function generating mechanisms, with the objective of minimizing structural error, mechanical error and a measure of manufacturing cost, is considered. Both the side and behavior constraints are included in the formulation of the probabilistic model of the system. The solution concepts of game theory are translated in finding an optimal trade-off between the three objectives. A method of obtaining the desired Pareto-optimal solution, which maximizes a specified supercriterion, is discussed. The proposed method of synthesis is illustrated by considering the generation of the function y = sin x.

scholarly journals Childhood roots of being green: Environmental morality and behavior in children and adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A Stern ◽  
Meltem Yucel ◽  
Tobias Grossmann ◽  
Amrisha Vaish
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Environmental Harm ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Authority Figure ◽  
Environmental Actions ◽  
Developmental Continuity ◽  
Sustainable Behavior ◽  
And Behavior

How do environmental morality and sustainable behavior emerge in childhood? We examined individuals’ moral judgments of environmental actions and their observed sustainable behavior in an environmental trade-off task in a sample of N = 555 young adults (Study 1) and N = 45 children ages 3–10 (Study 2). We show that both children and adults viewed pro-environmental behavior positively and environmental harm negatively—even if the action was sanctioned by an authority figure; however, both children’s and adults’ judgments of actions impacting other people were stronger than judgments of actions impacting the environment. Among children, negative judgments of environmental harm strengthened with age, as did their preference to befriend a pro-environmental character. Sustainable behavior was associated with judgments of environmental harm among adults, but with judgments of pro-environmental actions among children. These findings point to both developmental continuity and change in environmental morality and behavior.

Exploring the Tea Party’s Commitment to Freedom and Patriotism

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Parker ◽  
Matt A. Barreto
Keyword(s):  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Tea Party ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Community Or ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

This chapter examines the ways in which the Tea Party informs political attitudes and behavior. It begins by looking at how closely people who sympathize with the Tea Party adhere to themes that the movement often promotes: patriotism and freedom. Tea Party websites and rallies are often rife with patriotic imagery, including the American and Gadsden flags. While it is true that people who call themselves patriots take pride in wearing and displaying the flag, more authentic patriotism transcends simple displays of patriotic symbols. Patriotism instead, is more about putting the interests of the community or country before self. The chapter uses patriotism as a means of forcing a trade-off: freedom versus equality.

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