Density‐dependent offspring interactions do not explain macroevolutionary scaling of adult size and offspring size

Evolution ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 2162-2174
Author(s):  
Njal Rollinson ◽  
Viktor Nilsson‐Örtman ◽  
Locke Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Offspring Size ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Density Dependent

Latitudinal variation in Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) development time and adult size

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Bentz ◽  
J.A. Logan ◽  
J.C. Vandygriff
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Southern Population ◽  
Northern Population ◽  
Generation Offspring

AbstractDendroctonus ponderosae (Hopkins) is widely distributed across western North America, feeding in at least 12 native species of Pinus L. (Pinaceae). We investigated the existence of heritable differences in two life-history parameters (adult size and development time) of D. ponderosae from a northern population (central Idaho, Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) and a southern population (southern Utah, Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. and C. Lawson). We attempted to separate heritable from environmental effects by rearing individuals from both populations through two generations (F1 and F2) in a common standardized laboratory environment with a constant temperature. Two treatment effects were tested for in the F2 generation: (1) geographic location (source host) for F0D. ponderosae; and (2) the F2 brood host. We hypothesized that, if differences were observed and the F0 source host and region had a greater effect on F2 brood development time and adult size than did the host in which F2 brood were reared, a heritable factor related to the F0 parents was responsible. Time to emergence was significantly shorter for second-generation offspring of the northern population than for second-generation offspring of the southern population, regardless of the F2 brood host. Although both the F2 brood host and F0 source parents were significant in explaining differences observed in the developmental-time distribution of F2 brood, the F0 source effect was found to be much greater. Also, F2 males and females from southern source parents were significantly larger than F2 brood from northern source parents when reared in both F2 brood hosts. Geographic region and original host of F0 source parents had a significant effect on F2 offspring size, whereas the immediate food for F2 brood was not significant in explaining differences. These results suggest genetically based regional differences in D. ponderosae populations.

scholarly journals Bigger mothers are better mothers: disentangling size-related prenatal and postnatal maternal effects

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1766) ◽  
pp. 20131225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Steiger
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Burying Beetle ◽  
Maternal Body ◽  
Maternal Size

Despite a vast literature on the factors controlling adult size, few studies have investigated how maternal size affects offspring size independent of direct genetic effects, thereby separating prenatal from postnatal influences. I used a novel experimental design that combined a cross-fostering approach with phenotypic manipulation of maternal body size that allowed me to disentangle prenatal and postnatal maternal effects. Using the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides as model organism, I found that a mother's body size affected egg size as well as the quality of postnatal maternal care, with larger mothers producing larger eggs and raising larger offspring than smaller females. However, with respect to the relative importance of prenatal and postnatal maternal effects on offspring growth, only the postnatal effects were important in determining offspring body size. Thus, prenatal effects can be offset by the quality of postnatal maternal care. This finding has implications for the coevolution of prenatal and postnatal maternal effects as they arise as a consequence of maternal body size. In general, my study provides evidence that there can be transgenerational phenotypic plasticity, with maternal size determining offspring size leading to a resemblance between mothers and their offspring above and beyond any direct genetic effects.

A General Model for the Scaling of Offspring Size and Adult Size

2008 ◽  
Vol 172 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Falster ◽  
Angela T. Moles ◽  
Mark Westoby
Keyword(s):  
General Model ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Adult Size

The effects of adult length and arrival date on individual reproductive success in wild steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd R Seamons ◽  
Paul Bentzen ◽  
Thomas P Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Arrival Date ◽  
Affected Offspring ◽  
Genetically Determined

To determine the relative importance of adult size and arrival date for reproductive success in a natural setting, we first genetically determined relationships between all spawning adult steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and juvenile offspring in four brood years and then tested hypothesized relationships between parents' phenotypes and the number and size of their juvenile offspring. Patterns of reproductive success varied among years, but in all cases, a few adults of each sex produced most of the offspring. The number of offspring showed a weak, positive relationship to the mother's size but not to her arrival date. Paternal reproductive success varied considerably but was only weakly associated with size in 1998 and weakly related to arrival date in 2000. In 1997, 1998, and 1999, the offspring of early-spawning females were larger at the end of their first and second summers in the stream; however, in 2000, both arrival date and length were positively related to offspring size. There was no general trend in offspring size in relation to paternal size or arrival date; however, paternal length affected offspring size in 1998 and male arrival date affected offspring size in 2000.

scholarly journals Evolutionary coordination between offspring size at independence and adult size

2009 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Westoby ◽  
Angela T. Moles ◽  
Daniel S. Falster
Keyword(s):  
Offspring Size ◽  
Adult Size

Elevated nest predation risk promotes offspring size variation in birds with prolonged parental care.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen F. Wagner ◽  
Emeline Mourocq ◽  
Michael Griesser
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Nest Predation ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Natural Predation ◽  
Risk Spreading

Predation of offspring is the main cause of reproductive failure in many species, and the mere fear of offspring predation shapes reproductive strategies. Yet, natural predation risk is ubiquitously variable and can be unpredictable. Consequently, the perceived prospect of predation early in a reproductive cycle may not reflect the actual risk to ensuing offspring. An increased variance in investment across offspring has been linked to breeding in unpredictable environments in several taxa, but has so far been overlooked as a maternal response to temporal variation in predation risk. Here, we experimentally increased the perceived risk of nest predation prior to egg-laying in seven bird species. Species with prolonged parent-offspring associations increased their intra-brood variation in egg, and subsequently offspring, size. High risk to offspring early in a reproductive cycle can favour a risk-spreading strategy particularly in species with the greatest opportunity to even out offspring quality after fledging.

Persistence of giants: population dynamics of the limpet Scutellastra laticostata on rocky shores in Western Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 646 ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
RE Scheibling ◽  
R Black
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Decadal Time Scale

Population dynamics and life history traits of the ‘giant’ limpet Scutellastra laticostata on intertidal limestone platforms at Rottnest Island, Western Australia, were recorded by interannual (January/February) monitoring of limpet density and size structure, and relocation of marked individuals, at 3 locations over periods of 13-16 yr between 1993 and 2020. Limpet densities ranged from 4 to 9 ind. m-2 on wave-swept seaward margins of platforms at 2 locations and on a rocky notch at the landward margin of the platform at a third. Juvenile recruits (25-55 mm shell length) were present each year, usually at low densities (<1 m-2), but localized pulses of recruitment occurred in some years. Annual survival rates of marked limpets varied among sites and cohorts, ranging from 0.42 yr-1 at the notch to 0.79 and 0.87 yr-1 on the platforms. A mass mortality of limpets on the platforms occurred in 2003, likely mediated by thermal stress during daytime low tides, coincident with high air temperatures and calm seas. Juveniles grew rapidly to adult size within 2 yr. Asymptotic size (L∞, von Bertalanffy growth model) ranged from 89 to 97 mm, and maximum size from 100 to 113 mm, on platforms. Growth rate and maximum size were lower on the notch. Our empirical observations and simulation models suggest that these populations are relatively stable on a decadal time scale. The frequency and magnitude of recruitment pulses and high rate of adult survival provide considerable inertia, enabling persistence of these populations in the face of sporadic climatic extremes.

Urbanization impacts on production and recruitment of Fundulus heteroclitus in salt marsh creeks

2020 ◽  
Vol 645 ◽  
pp. 187-204
Author(s):  
PJ Rudershausen ◽  
JA Buckel
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Multiple Factor Analysis ◽  
Southeastern Usa ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Dependent Relationship ◽  
Juvenile Abundance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Throw Trap

It is unclear how urbanization affects secondary biological production in estuaries in the southeastern USA. We estimated production of larval/juvenile Fundulus heteroclitus in salt marsh areas of North Carolina tidal creeks and tested for factors influencing production. F. heteroclitus were collected with a throw trap in salt marshes of 5 creeks subjected to a range of urbanization intensities. Multiple factor analysis (MFA) was used to reduce dimensionality of habitat and urbanization effects in the creeks and their watersheds. Production was then related to the first 2 dimensions of the MFA, month, and year. Lastly, we determined the relationship between creek-wide larval/juvenile production and abundance from spring and abundance of adults from autumn of the same year. Production in marsh (g m-2 d-1) varied between years and was negatively related to the MFA dimension that indexed salt marsh; higher rates of production were related to creeks with higher percentages of marsh. An asymptotic relationship was found between abundance of adults and creek-wide production of larvae/juveniles and an even stronger density-dependent relationship was found between abundance of adults and creek-wide larval/juvenile abundance. Results demonstrate (1) the ability of F. heteroclitus to maintain production within salt marsh in creeks with a lesser percentage of marsh as long as this habitat is not removed altogether and (2) a density-dependent link between age-0 production/abundance and subsequent adult recruitment. Given the relationship between production and marsh area, natural resource agencies should consider impacts of development on production when permitting construction in the southeastern USA.

Offspring size as an index of habitat degradation

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G. WARKENTIN ◽  
J. Michael REED ◽  
Susie M. DUNHAM
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Offspring Size
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