Biological factors contributing to bark and ambrosia beetle species diversification

Jostein Gohli; Lawrence R. Kirkendall; Sarah M. Smith; Anthony I. Cognato; Jiri Hulcr; Bjarte H. Jordal

doi:10.1111/evo.13219

The Risk of Bark and Ambrosia Beetles Associated with Imported Non-Coniferous Wood and Potential Horizontal Phytosanitary Measures

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11030342 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 342

Author(s):

Fabienne Grousset ◽

Jean-Claude Grégoire ◽

Hervé Jactel ◽

Andrea Battisti ◽

Anita Benko Beloglavec ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Ambrosia Beetle ◽

Full Detail ◽

Indigenous Species ◽

Beetle Species ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Bark And Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Phytosanitary Measures ◽

Coniferous Wood

Many bark and ambrosia beetle species (Coleoptera: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) are known to have spread worldwide in relation to international trade. Concerns have been expressed within the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) about recent introductions of non-indigenous species of these groups. Regulation of the non-coniferous wood trade into many EPPO member countries is currently not sufficient to cover such risks. In 2018–2019, an EPPO study on the risk of bark and ambrosia beetles associated with imported non-coniferous wood was carried out, and the key characteristics contributing to the pest risk from introduced species were determined using expert consensus. This paper summarizes the key findings of the study, which are available in full detail on the EPPO website. The study identified biological and other risk factors and illustrated them with examples from 26 beetle species or groups of species known to be invasive or posing a threat to plant health. These representative species were classified into three categories based on known damage and level of uncertainty. In the present article, factorial discriminant analyses were used to identify features of bark and ambrosia beetle biology associated with damage caused and invasiveness. Based on the information assembled and consideration of the risk factors, it was recommended that in order to prevent the introduction of new bark and ambrosia beetles via non-coniferous wood commodities, horizontal phytosanitary measures should be adopted, irrespective of the host plant species and the origin (i.e., for all genera of non-coniferous woody plants and from all origins). Phytosanitary measures are presented here for various wood commodities.

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The first record of two non-native ambrosia beetles in Slovenia: Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875) and Ambrosiophilus atratus (Eichhoff, 1875) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4657.2.13 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4657 (2) ◽

pp. 397-400 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

TINE HAUPTMAN ◽

BARBARA PIŠKUR ◽

MASSIMO FACCOLI ◽

BLAŽ REKANJE ◽

ANDRAŽ MARINČ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Scientific Literature ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

First Record ◽

Ambrosia Beetle ◽

Beetle Species ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Entire Surface ◽

Bark And Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Set Up ◽

Xylosandrus Germanus

In September 2017, during the monitoring of the non-native ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894), one specimen of an unknown ambrosia bark beetle species was collected in Slovenia. The specimen was trapped in an ethanol-baited trap located in Klavže (46° 09´ 39˝ N, 13° 48´ 7˝ E), in the western part of Slovenia. The most characteristic feature distinguishing the specimen from other known ambrosia beetle species occurring in Slovenia was the asperities that covered the entire surface of the pronotum. Based on the scientific literature concerning the non-native bark and ambrosia beetles in Europe (Kirkendall & Faccoli 2010) and illustrated identification keys (Rabaglia et al. 2006; Faccoli et al. 2009), we identified the beetle by its morphological characteristics as Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875). As a result of this find, a specific monitoring was set up in 2018 in Slovenia with the aim to improve the knowledge about occurrence and distribution of A. rubricollis in this country.

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A FURTHER EVALUATION OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE PHEROMONES AND TWO HOST KAIROMONES OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLES TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM AND GNATHOTRICHUS SULCATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent1151-1 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 115 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

T. L. Shore ◽

J. A. McLean

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Latin Square ◽

Ambrosia Beetle ◽

Mass Trapping ◽

Beetle Species ◽

Trypodendron Lineatum ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Treatment Site ◽

Set Up ◽

Main Effects

AbstractA Latin square design field experiment using treatment, site, and occasion as main effects was set up in spring 1981 to assess the responses of Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) and Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) to traps baited with the pheromones lineatin and sulcatol alone and in combination with each other and with ethanol plus α-pinene. Addition of sulcatol to either lineatin or lineatin plus ethanol plus α-pinene resulted in significantly reduced catches of T. lineatum. Addition of ethanol plus α-pinene to sulcatol or lineatin resulted in significantly greater catches of both sexes of G. sulcatus and T. lineatum. These results suggest that separate traps be set out for each species in mass trapping suppression programs in timber processing areas and that ethanol and α-pinene be included with the pheromone to maximize catches of both of these ambrosia beetle species.

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The Essential Role of Taxonomic Expertise in the Creation of DNA Databases for the Identification and Delimitation of Southeast Asian Ambrosia Beetle Species (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini)

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.3389/fevo.2020.00027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Anthony I. Cognato ◽

Gina Sari ◽

Sarah M. Smith ◽

Roger A. Beaver ◽

You Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Role ◽

Southeast Asian ◽

Ambrosia Beetle ◽

Beetle Species ◽

Dna Databases ◽

The Creation

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Sulcatol: Enantiospecific Attractant for Monarthrum mali (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Leptostylus asperatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Associated Predators

Environmental Entomology ◽

10.1093/ee/nvaa042 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 593-600

Author(s):

D R Miller ◽

C M Crowe

Keyword(s):

Aggregation Pheromone ◽

Ambrosia Beetle ◽

Beetle Species ◽

Pheromone Response ◽

North Central ◽

Interspecific Relationships ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Longhorn Beetle ◽

Forested Ecosystems

Abstract In 2014–2019, we conducted six experiments in north-central Georgia in an attempt to verify the aggregation pheromone response of the ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus materiarius (Fitch) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Scolytini: Corthylina) to sulcatol known to be produced by male G. materiarius; we failed to catch any G. materiarius. However, we did find that another corthyline ambrosia beetle species Monarthrum mali (Fitch) was attracted to (R)-(–)-sulcatol, whereas the longhorn beetle Leptostylus asperatus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) was attracted to (S)-(+)-sulcatol. Attraction of both species was unaffected by the respective antipodes. Ethanol enhanced attraction of both species to traps baited with sulcatol. In at least one experiment, attraction to ethanol-baited traps was enhanced by sulcatol for Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), Xyleborus spp., and Hypothenemus spp. but reduced for Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Additionally, traps baited with ethanol and racemic sulcatol [50% (S)-(+): 50% (R)-(-)] caught the greatest numbers of four species of beetle predators: Coptodera aerata Dejean (Coleoptera: Carabidae), Colydium lineola Say (Coleoptera: Zopheridae), Madoniella dislocata (Say), and Pyticeroides laticornis (Say) (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Ethanol but not sulcatol attracted Temnoscheila virescens (F.) (Coleoptera: Trogossitidae). Information on interspecific relationships within forested communities may help us to better determine the roles of these species in maintaining stable and resilient forested ecosystems.

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Ethanol-Enriched Substrate Facilitates Ambrosia Beetle Fungi, but Inhibits Their Pathogens and Fungal Symbionts of Bark Beetles

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2020.590111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Maximilian Lehenberger ◽

Markus Benkert ◽

Peter H. W. Biedermann

Keyword(s):

Bark Beetle ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Ambrosia Beetle ◽

Beetle Species ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Defensive Role

Bark beetles (sensu lato) colonize woody tissues like phloem or xylem and are associated with a broad range of micro-organisms. Specific fungi in the ascomycete orders Hypocreales, Microascales and Ophistomatales as well as the basidiomycete Russulales have been found to be of high importance for successful tree colonization and reproduction in many species. While fungal mutualisms are facultative for most phloem-colonizing bark beetles (sensu stricto), xylem-colonizing ambrosia beetles are long known to obligatorily depend on mutualistic fungi for nutrition of adults and larvae. Recently, a defensive role of fungal mutualists for their ambrosia beetle hosts was revealed: Few tested mutualists outcompeted other beetle-antagonistic fungi by their ability to produce, detoxify and metabolize ethanol, which is naturally occurring in stressed and/or dying trees that many ambrosia beetle species preferentially colonize. Here, we aim to test (i) how widespread beneficial effects of ethanol are among the independently evolved lineages of ambrosia beetle fungal mutualists and (ii) whether it is also present in common fungal symbionts of two bark beetle species (Ips typographus, Dendroctonus ponderosae) and some general fungal antagonists of bark and ambrosia beetle species. The majority of mutualistic ambrosia beetle fungi tested benefited (or at least were not harmed) by the presence of ethanol in terms of growth parameters (e.g., biomass), whereas fungal antagonists were inhibited. This confirms the competitive advantage of nutritional mutualists in the beetle’s preferred, ethanol-containing host material. Even though most bark beetle fungi are found in the same phylogenetic lineages and ancestral to the ambrosia beetle (sensu stricto) fungi, most of them were highly negatively affected by ethanol and only a nutritional mutualist of Dendroctonus ponderosae benefited, however. This suggests that ethanol tolerance is a derived trait in nutritional fungal mutualists, particularly in ambrosia beetles that show cooperative farming of their fungi.

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