Origins of female genital diversity: Predation risk and lock-and-key explain rapid divergence during an adaptive radiation

Evolution ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2452-2467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Anderson ◽  
R. Brian Langerhans
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Rapid Divergence ◽  
Female Genital

scholarly journals Host defense triggers rapid adaptive radiation in experimentally evolving parasites

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Bush ◽  
Scott M. Villa ◽  
Juan C. Altuna ◽  
Kevin P. Johnson ◽  
Michael D. Shapiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
Main Host ◽  
Feather Lice ◽  
Rapid Divergence

ABSTRACTAdaptive radiation occurs when the members of a single lineage evolve different adaptive forms in response to selection imposed by competitors or predators. Iconic examples include Darwin’s finches, Caribbean anoles, and Hawaiian silverswords, all of which live on islands. Parasites, which live on host “islands,” show macroevolutionary patterns consistent with adaptive radiation in response to host-imposed selection. Here we show rapid adaptive divergence of experimentally evolving feather lice in response to preening, the main host defense. We demonstrate that host defense exerts strong phenotypic selection for crypsis in lice transferred to different colored rock pigeons (Columba livia). During four years of experimental evolution (∼60 generations), the lice evolved heritable differences in color. The color differences spanned the phenotypic distribution of congeneric species of lice adapted to other species of pigeons. Our results indicate that host-mediated selection triggers rapid divergence in the adaptive radiation of parasites, which are among the most diverse organisms on earth. Our research suggests that host defense should be included with competition and predation as a major mechanism driving the evolution of biodiversity by adaptive radiation.

scholarly journals Evolution of genetic variance during adaptive radiation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg M. Walter ◽  
J. David Aguirre ◽  
Mark W. Blows ◽  
Daniel Ortiz-Barrientos
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Ecotypic Differentiation ◽  
Divergent Natural Selection ◽  
Rapid Divergence

AbstractGenetic correlations between traits can bias adaptation away from optimal phenotypes and constrain the rate of evolution. If genetic correlations between traits limit adaptation to contrasting environments, rapid adaptive divergence across a heterogeneous landscape may be difficult. However, if genetic variance can evolve and align with the direction of natural selection, then abundant allelic variation can promote rapid divergence during adaptive radiation. Here, we explored adaptive divergence among ecotypes of an Australian native wildflower by quantifying divergence in multivariate phenotypes of populations that occupy four contrasting environments. We investigated differences in multivariate genetic variance underlying morphological traits and examined the alignment between divergence in phenotype and divergence in genetic variance. We found that divergence in mean multivariate phenotype has occurred along two major axes represented by different combinations of plant architecture and leaf traits. Ecotypes also showed divergence in the level of genetic variance in individual traits, and the multivariate distribution of genetic variance among traits. Divergence in multivariate phenotypic mean aligned with divergence in genetic variance, with most of the divergence in phenotype among ecotypes associated with a change in trait combinations that had substantial levels of genetic variance in each ecotype. Overall, our results suggest that divergent natural selection acting on high levels of standing genetic variation might fuel ecotypic differentiation during the early stages of adaptive radiation.

scholarly journals A widely diverged locus involved in locomotor adaptation in Heliconius butterflies

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (32) ◽  
pp. eabh2340
Author(s):  
Yubo Zhang ◽  
Dequn Teng ◽  
Wei Lu ◽  
Min Liu ◽  
Hua Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Locomotor Adaptation ◽  
Multiple Genes ◽  
As Species ◽  
Wing Patterns ◽  
Rapid Divergence ◽  
Heliconius Butterflies ◽  
The Continuum

Heliconius butterflies have undergone adaptive radiation and therefore serve as an excellent system for exploring the continuum of speciation and adaptive evolution. However, there is a long-lasting paradox between their convergent mimetic wing patterns and rapid divergence in speciation. Here, we characterize a locus that consistently displays high divergence among Heliconius butterflies and acts as an introgression hotspot. We further show that this locus contains multiple genes related to locomotion and conserved in Lepidoptera. In light of these findings, we consider that locomotion traits may be under selection, and if these are heritable traits that are selected for, then they might act as species barriers.

Female Genital Cutting

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
NAWAL M. NOUR
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Cutting ◽  
Genital Cutting ◽  
Female Genital

Elevated nest predation risk promotes offspring size variation in birds with prolonged parental care.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen F. Wagner ◽  
Emeline Mourocq ◽  
Michael Griesser
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Nest Predation ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Natural Predation ◽  
Risk Spreading

Predation of offspring is the main cause of reproductive failure in many species, and the mere fear of offspring predation shapes reproductive strategies. Yet, natural predation risk is ubiquitously variable and can be unpredictable. Consequently, the perceived prospect of predation early in a reproductive cycle may not reflect the actual risk to ensuing offspring. An increased variance in investment across offspring has been linked to breeding in unpredictable environments in several taxa, but has so far been overlooked as a maternal response to temporal variation in predation risk. Here, we experimentally increased the perceived risk of nest predation prior to egg-laying in seven bird species. Species with prolonged parent-offspring associations increased their intra-brood variation in egg, and subsequently offspring, size. High risk to offspring early in a reproductive cycle can favour a risk-spreading strategy particularly in species with the greatest opportunity to even out offspring quality after fledging.

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