Closely related species of birds differ more in body size when their ranges overlap-in warm, but not cool, climates

Evolution ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1701-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Bothwell ◽  
Robert Montgomerie ◽  
Stephen C. Lougheed ◽  
Paul R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Closely Related Species

Reproductive performance in a phyletic dwarf, the spider crab Petramithrax pygmaeus (Bell, 1836) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Mithracidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-329
Author(s):  
Joshua T Fields ◽  
Hayden K Mullen ◽  
Clayr M Kroenke ◽  
Kyla A Salomon ◽  
Abby J Craft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Spider Crab ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Body Sizes

Abstract The spider crab Petramithrax pygmaeus (Bell, 1836), a phyletic dwarf, was used to test predictions regarding reproductive performance in small marine invertebrates. Considering the disproportional increase in brooding costs and the allometry of egg production with increasing body size, it was expected that this minute-size species would produce large broods compared to closely related species that attain much larger body sizes. Fecundity in P. pygmaeus females carrying early and late eggs varied, respectively, between 17 and 172 eggs crab–1 (mean ± SD = 87.97 ± 48.39) and between 13 and 159 eggs crab–1 (55.04 ± 40.29). Females did not experience brood loss during egg development. Egg volume in females carrying early and late eggs varied, respectively, between 0.13 and 0.40 mm3 (0.22 ± 0.07) and between 0.15 and 0.42 mm3 (0.26 ± 0.06 mm3). Reproductive output (RO) varied between 0.91 and 8.73% (3.81 ± 2.17%) of female dry body weight. The RO of P. pygmaeus was lower than that reported for closely related species with larger body sizes. The slope (b = 0.95 ± 0.15) of the line describing the relationship between brood and parental female dry weight was not statistically significant from unity. Overall, our results disagree with the notion that the allometry of gamete production and increased physiological costs with increased brood size explain the association between brooding and small body size in marine invertebrates. Comparative studies on the reproductive investment of brooding species belonging to monophyletic clades with extensive differences in body size are warranted to further our understanding about disparity in egg production in brooding marine invertebrates.

Similar nucleus numbers among copepods

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. McLaren ◽  
D. J. Marcogliese
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Close Correspondence ◽  
Nucleus Size ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Acartia Hudsonica ◽  
Eurytemora Herdmani

First nauplius stages (NI) of Pseudocalanus sp., Eurytemora herdmani, Calanus finmarchicus, and C. hyperboreas all have on average about 2000 nuclei. First copepodid stages (CI) of Acartia hudsonica, Pseudocalanus sp., E. herdmani, C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis have about 9600–13 000 nuclei. Body volumes among the same species differ ca. 8-fold in NI and 30-fold in CI. Larger species have much larger nuclei, but close correspondence of body size to nucleus size (amount of DNA) may only occur among closely related species. Nucleocytoplasmic ratios must also vary seasonally within species.

Do Closely Related Species Influence Each Other's Sexual Size Dimorphism?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe Boynton
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Birds Of Prey ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Group I ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Range Overlap

Size differences between males and females (sexual size dimorphism) are often seen in a variety of species. In birds of prey in particular, a phenomenon occurs where the female is larger than the male. One of the main hypotheses attempting to explain sexual size dimorphism in birds of prey is that the female and male differ in size to partition resources, like prey. There is also evidence that predator and prey body size are correlated, so predators of similar size may be in direct competition. It has been shown that when two closely related species interact in the same area, they are likely to be in competition for similar resources, like prey. This study is looking at sexual size dimorphism and closely related species interactions, which has never been looked at before in birds of prey. I am using the subfamily Buteoninae (Buteo Hawks) as my focal group. I will be using sexual size dimorphism ratios, estimates of genetic distance between closely related species and proportion of range overlap between different closely related lineages within the subfamily. I am expecting to see that if species are closely related and inhabit the same area they will have a decreased sexual size dimorphism. This is because both species are likely to be competing for the same resources, and to avoid competition the species will diverge in body size from one another. This will cause the male and female of each species to converge in size, reducing their sexual size dimorphism.

Three species of the genus Trichogalumna (Acari: Oribatida: Galumnidae) from Japan

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 858
Author(s):  
WATARU HAGINO ◽  
BADAMDORJ BAYARTOGTOKH ◽  
SATOSHI SHIMANO ◽  
SHIMPEI F. HIRUTA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Proximal Margin ◽  
Japanese Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Southern Japan ◽  
The World ◽  
Two New Species

Although almost 50 species of Galumnidae (Oribatida) have been recorded in Japan, more species remain undiscovered. In the present work, we propose two new species from southern Japan, Trichogalumna boninensis sp. nov. and T. ohkuboi sp. nov., and provide an additional description of T. imperfecta Ohkubo, 1984. Trichogalumna boninensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from other closely related species by the smaller body size, and the large granular ornamentation along the hinges of the pteromorphs. Trichogalumna ohkuboi sp. nov. can be distinguished from other closely related species by the absence of granular ornamentation on the proximal margin of the dorsal surface of the pteromorph, the striated genital plates, the absence of granular ornamentation on the humeral region of the notogaster, the short lamellar and interlamellar setae, the distantly located porose areas of A1 and A2, and the different number of epimeral setae. Furthermore, we present data on habitat ecology and biogeography of Japanese species of Trichogalumna, and a key is provided for identification of all species in the world.

scholarly journals Allometry and Interspecific Differences in the Facial Cranium of Two Closely Related Macaque Species

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Ito ◽  
Takeshi Nishimura ◽  
Masanaru Takai
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Critical Feature ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
History Of

Interpreting evolutionary history of macaque monkeys from fossil evidence is difficult, because their evolutionary fluctuations in body size might have removed or formed important morphological features differently in each lineage. We employed geometric morphometrics to explore allometric trajectories of craniofacial shape in two closely related species, Macaca fascicularis and M. fuscata. These two species exhibit a single shared allometric trajectory in superoinferior deflection of the anterior face, indicating that the differences in this feature can be explained by size variation. In contrast, two parallel trajectories are demonstrated in craniofacial protrusion, indicating that even if they are comparable in size, M. fuscata has a higher and shorter face than M. fascicularis. The degree of facial protrusion is most likely a critical feature for phyletic evaluation in the fascicularis group. Such analyses in various macaques would help to resolve controversies regarding phyletic interpretations of fossil macaques.

A new species of the subgenus Scheloribates (Topobates) (Acari: Oribatida: Scheloribatidae) from Panama

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-283
Author(s):  
S.G. Ermilov
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Oribatid Mite ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Large Body Size ◽  
First Time ◽  
A New Species

The oribatid mite subgenus Scheloribates (Topobates) Grandjean, 1958, is recorded from the Neotropical region for the first time. A new species of this subgenus is described from the leaf litter collected in Cayo Agua Island, Panama. Scheloribates (Topobates) panamaensis sp. nov. differs from its related species by the very large body size and presence of a strong ventrodistal process on the leg femora II–IV.

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