scholarly journals Adaptation to climate change: trade‐offs among responses to multiple stressors in an intertidal crustacean

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1147-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan W. Kelly ◽  
Melissa B. DeBiasse ◽  
Vidal A. Villela ◽  
Hope L. Roberts ◽  
Colleen F. Cecola
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Trade Offs

Robust modelling to address UPH19 to predict future hydrological responses for water resources adaptation under climate change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Chiew ◽  
Hongxing Zheng ◽  
Jai Vaze
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Projected Range ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Robust Modelling

<p>This paper addresses the implications of UPH19 in extrapolating hydrological models to predict the future and assessing water resources adaptation to climate change. Many studies have now shown that traditional application of hydrological models calibrated against past observations will underestimate the range in the projected future hydrological impact, that is, it will underestimate the decline in runoff where a runoff decrease is projected, and underestimate the increase in runoff where a runoff increase is projected. This study opportunistically uses data from south-eastern Australia which recently experienced a long and severe drought lasting more than ten years and subsequent partial hydrological recovery from the drought. The paper shows that a more robust calibration of rainfall-runoff models to produce good calibration metrics in both the dry periods and wet periods, at the expense of the best calibration over the entire data period, can produce a more accurate estimate of the uncertainty in the projected future runoff, but cannot entirely eliminate the modelling limitation of underestimating the projected range in future runoff. This is because of the need to consider trade-offs between the calibration objectives, particularly in simulating the dry periods, versus enhanced bias that results from the consideration. Hydrological models must therefore also need to be adapted to reflect the non-stationary nature of catchment and vegetation responses in a changing climate under warmer conditions, higher CO<sub>2</sub> and changed precipitation patterns. This is an active area of research in UPH19, and some ideas relevant to this region will be presented.</p>

scholarly journals The effect of hypoxia on fish schooling

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1727) ◽  
pp. 20160236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Domenici ◽  
John F. Steffensen ◽  
Stefano Marras
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
School Structure ◽  
Fish Behaviour ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Schooling Behaviour

Low-oxygen areas are expanding in the oceans as a result of climate change. Work carried out during the past two decades suggests that, in addition to impairing basic physiological functions, hypoxia can also affect fish behaviour. Given that many fish species are known to school, and that schooling is advantageous for their survival, the effect of hypoxia on schooling behaviour may have important ecological consequences. Here, we review the effects of hypoxia on school structure and dynamics, together with the mechanisms that cause an increase in school volume and that ultimately lead to school disruption. Furthermore, the effect of hypoxia generates a number of trade-offs in terms of schooling positions and school structure. Field observations have found that large schools of fish can exacerbate hypoxic conditions, with potential consequences for school structure and size. Therefore, previous models that predict the maximum size attainable by fish schools in relation to oxygen levels are also reviewed. Finally, we suggest that studies on the effect of hypoxia on schooling need to be integrated with those on temperature and ocean acidifications within a framework aimed at increasing our ability to predict the effect of multiple stressors of climate change on fish behaviour. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.

scholarly journals Ecosystem-based adaptation in Lake Victoria Basin; synergies and trade-offs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 201847
Author(s):  
Dorice Agol ◽  
Hannah Reid ◽  
Florence Crick ◽  
Hausner Wendo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Lake Victoria Basin ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Trade Offs

Healthy ecosystems such as forests and wetlands have a great potential to support adaptation to climate change and are the foundation of sustainable livelihoods. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) can help to protect and maintain healthy ecosystems providing resilience against the impacts of climate change. This paper explores the role of EbA in reconciling socio-economic development with the conservation and restoration of nature in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya, East Africa. Using selected ecosystems in the Lake region, the paper identifies key EbA approaches and explores trade-offs and synergies at spatial and temporal scales and between different stakeholders. The research methods used for this study include site visits, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, participatory workshops and literature reviews. An analytical framework is applied to advance the understanding of EbA approaches and how they lead to synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services provision at spatial and temporal scales and multiple stakeholders. Our results show that EbA approaches such as ecosystem restoration have the potential to generate multiple adaptation benefits as well as synergies and trade-offs occurring at different temporal and spatial scales and affecting various stakeholder groups. Our paper underscores the need to identify EbA trade-offs and synergies and to explore the ways in which they are distributed in space and time and between different stakeholders to design better environmental and development programmes.

Canadian boreal forests and climate change mitigation

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Lemprière ◽  
W.A. Kurz ◽  
E.H. Hogg ◽  
C. Schmoll ◽  
G.J. Rampley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Systems Perspective ◽  
Trade Offs

Quantitative assessment of Canada’s boreal forest mitigation potential is not yet possible, though the range of mitigation activities is known, requirements for sound analyses of options are increasingly understood, and there is emerging recognition that biogeophysical effects need greater attention. Use of a systems perspective highlights trade-offs between activities aimed at increasing carbon storage in the ecosystem, increasing carbon storage in harvested wood products (HWPs), or increasing the substitution benefits of using wood in place of fossil fuels or more emissions-intensive products. A systems perspective also suggests that erroneous conclusions about mitigation potential could result if analyses assume that HWP carbon is emitted at harvest, or bioenergy is carbon neutral. The greatest short-run boreal mitigation benefit generally would be achieved by avoiding greenhouse gas emissions; but over the longer run, there could be significant potential in activities that increase carbon removals. Mitigation activities could maximize landscape carbon uptake or maximize landscape carbon density, but not both simultaneously. The difference between the two is the rate at which HWPs are produced to meet society’s demands, and mitigation activities could seek to delay or reduce HWP emissions and increase substitution benefits. Use of forest biomass for bioenergy could also contribute though the point in time at which this produces a net mitigation benefit relative to a fossil fuel alternative will be situation-specific. Key knowledge gaps exist in understanding boreal mitigation strategies that are robust to climate change and how mitigation could be integrated with adaptation to climate change.

Preferences for coastal adaptation to climate change: evidence from a choice experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Meyerhoff ◽  
Katrin Rehdanz ◽  
Andrea Wunsch
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Preference Heterogeneity ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Coastal Adaptation ◽  
Trade Offs

<p>Adaptation to climate change is becoming increasingly crucial for coastal areas. This paper adds to the limited evidence on the trade-offs people are willing to make to support decision-making on adaptation strategies for coastal protection. The trade-off between alternative protection modes is conceptualized in a choice experiment in terms of six attributes: the extent of beach nourishment, dyke heightening, cliff protection, access to dunes, realignment of dykes and dunes, and cost in terms of a coastal protection levy. These attributes were selected and designed in, among others, close cooperation with governmental decision makers. When accounting for preference heterogeneity, three latent classes were identified among the more than 1800 participants of a nationwide online survey in Germany. Respondents who prefer extensive changes, respondents who are willing to pay for an increase in dyke height but are not ready to give up money for a change in any other attribute, and respondents who are not willing to cover any additional expenses for coastal adaptation to climate change. The results allow to assess a broad range of future adaptation strategies and thus provide not only to policy makers and the administration in the case study region important insights into peoples’ preferences.</p>

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding the effects of climate change on the world’s oceans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne B Hollowed ◽  
Manuel Barange ◽  
Véronique Garçon ◽  
Shin-ichi Ito ◽  
Jason S Link ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ocean Science ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Many ◽  
Share Information ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract In June 2018, >600 scientists from over 50 countries attended the Fourth International Symposium on the Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans (ECCWO-4). ECCWO-4 provided a forum for scientists to share information, build understanding, and advance responses to climate impacts on oceans and the many people, businesses and communities that depend on them. Seven Key Messages emerging from the symposium and relevant information from recently published literature are summarized. Recent scientific advances are improving our ability to understand, project, and assess the consequences of different levels of 21st century climate change for ocean ecosystems and ocean dependent communities. Outcomes of the symposium highlighted the need for on-going engagement with stakeholders, communities, and managers when considering the trade-offs associated with tactical and strategic opportunities for adaptation to climate change. Science informed adaptation frameworks that engage the public in their development are needed for effective management of marine resources in a changing climate. The summary provides a brief overview of the advances in climate-ocean science emerging from the symposium and provides context for the contributed papers within the broader socio-ecological advances of the discipline.

The Nexus+ approach applied to studies of Impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-56
Author(s):  
Sonia Maria Viggiani Coutinho ◽  
Diogo Victor Santos ◽  
Marcel Bursztyn ◽  
José Antônio Marengo ◽  
Saulo Rodrigues-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Integrated Assessment ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Methodological Choice ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Adaptation Options

This paper aims to present the methodology developed within the Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation (IVA) to climate change component of the Fourth National Communication (4CN) of Brazil. The methodological choice of this 4CN involves the application of the nexus+ integrated approach, based on studies of impacts and vulnerabilities for water, energy, food and socio-environmental securities, in the different in the territories of Brazilian biomes, coastal areas and cities. For each of these securities it were identified the observed impacts; analysis of risk conditions; definition and assessments of integrated analysis of key impacts at territorial level; inventory, selection and analysis of adaption options in the context of Nexus+, identifying synergies and trade-offs. This process made possible an integrated assessment among the conditioning risk factors, impacts and interactions among proposed adaptation options.

Governance of Land-based Negative-emission Technologies to Promote Biodiversity Conservation: Lessons from Australia

Climate Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-150
Author(s):  
Phillipa C. McCormack ◽  
Jan McDonald ◽  
Kerryn A. Brent
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Ecological Resilience ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Negative Emission ◽  
Negative Emission Technologies ◽  
Biodiversity Decline

Climate change is a fundamental threat to biodiversity. Climate mitigation in general, and Negative-Emission Technologies (nets) in particular, have the potential to benefit biodiversity by reducing climate impacts. Domestic laws could help to ensure that nets have benefits for biodiversity adaptation to climate change (e.g. reducing land clearing and habitat loss and facilitating habitat restoration, corridors for species’ migration, and broader ecological resilience). Domestic laws will also need to govern trade-offs between nets and biodiversity adaptation (e.g. increased competition for land and landscape-scale fragmentation by new industrial developments and linear infrastructure). We argue that domestic laws should be used to maximize the benefits of nets while minimizing trade-offs for biodiversity. These laws should ensure that trade-offs are, at the very least, explicit and transparent, both in terms of their implications for current biodiversity and in the context of an acceleration of climate-driven biodiversity decline.

scholarly journals Vulnerability to multiple stressors in coastal communities: a study of the Andaman coast of Thailand

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Bennett ◽  
Philip Dearden ◽  
Ana María Peredo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Household Livelihoods

Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change have become a dominant theme in development and conservation research and work. Yet coastal communities are facing a wider array of different stressors that affect the sustainability of natural resources and the adaptive capacity of local residents. The ability of communities and households to adapt is influenced by the nature, number, and magnitude of the changes with which they have to contend. In this paper, we present the range of 36 socio-economic (i.e. economic, social, governance and conflict) and biophysical (i.e. climate change and other environmental) stressors that emerged from qualitative interviews in seven coastal communities on the Andaman coast of Thailand. These stressors were then integrated into a quantitative survey of 237 households wherein participants were asked to rate the level of impact of these stressors on household livelihoods. Ratings showed that economic and some climate change stressors – extreme weather events and changes in rainfall patterns and seasons – were scored higher than other stressors. The paper also examines the relationships between community and various individual and household characteristics – such as gender, age, livelihoods, levels of social capital, and socio-economic status – and the perceived level of impacts of various stressors on household livelihoods. Overall, community and livelihoods had the most differentiated impacts on perceptions of stressors but few other prominent patterns emerged. In conclusion, this paper discusses the implications of the results for current climate change vulnerability and adaptation policy and practice in Thailand and elsewhere.

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