scholarly journals Model vs. playback experiments: The impact of sensory mode on predator‐specific escape responses in saki monkeys

Ethology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dara B. Adams ◽  
Dawn M. Kitchen
Keyword(s):  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Sensory Mode ◽  
Escape Responses ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Parental effects improve escape performance of juvenile reef fish in a high-CO 2 world

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1777) ◽  
pp. 20132179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridie J. M. Allan ◽  
Gabrielle M. Miller ◽  
Mark I. McCormick ◽  
Paolo Domenici ◽  
Philip L. Munday
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Routine Metabolic Rate ◽  
Parental Effects ◽  
Sensory Impairment ◽  
Escape Performance ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Parental Exposure ◽  
Juvenile Reef Fish ◽  
Escape Responses ◽  
The Impact

Rising CO 2 levels in the oceans are predicted to have serious consequences for many marine taxa. Recent studies suggest that non-genetic parental effects may reduce the impact of high CO 2 on the growth, survival and routine metabolic rate of marine fishes, but whether the parental environment mitigates behavioural and sensory impairment associated with high CO 2 remains unknown. Here, we tested the acute effects of elevated CO 2 on the escape responses of juvenile fish and whether such effects were altered by exposure of parents to increased CO 2 (transgenerational acclimation). Elevated CO 2 negatively affected the reactivity and locomotor performance of juvenile fish, but parental exposure to high CO 2 reduced the effects in some traits, indicating the potential for acclimation of behavioural impairment across generations. However, acclimation was not complete in some traits, and absent in others, suggesting that transgenerational acclimation does not completely compensate the effects of high CO 2 on escape responses.

scholarly journals Time of Test Periods Influence the Behavioral Responses of Anopheles minimus and Anopheles dirus (Diptera: Culicidae) to DEET

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 867
Author(s):  
Rungarun Tisgratog ◽  
Chutipong Sukkanon ◽  
Victor Arief Sugiharto ◽  
Michael J. Bangs ◽  
Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Test System ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Anopheles Dirus ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Anopheles Minimus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Escape Responses ◽  
The Impact

Information on factors influencing the behavioral responses of mosquitoes to repellents is lacking and poorly understood, especially in the Anopheles species, night-biting mosquitoes. Our goal was to investigate the impact of different time periods on circadian activity and behavioral responses of two malaria vectors, Anopheles minimus and An. dirus, to 5% DEET using an excito-repellency test system. Each mosquito species was exposed to the repellent during the daytime (06.00–18.00) and nighttime (18.00–06.00), and time of observation was further divided into four 3-h intervals. Significant escape responses were observed between daytime and nighttime for An. minimus in both noncontact and contact tests. An. dirus showed statistical differences in contact irritancy escape response, whereas no significant difference was found in noncontact repellency tests. Both mosquito species showed more significantly higher escape responses when exposed to DEET during the afternoon and late in the night. This finding indicates that the time of testing may affect the behavioral responses of mosquitoes to repellents, especially in An. minimus and An. dirus. A better understanding of nocturnally active mosquito behavioral responses spanning from dusk to dawn would assist in optimizing product development, screening, and effective evaluation.

scholarly journals Increased Flight Initiation Distance (FID) in Golden Marmots (Marmota caudata aurea) Responding to Domestic Dogs in A Landscape of Human Disturbance

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zaman ◽  
Bryony A. Tolhurst ◽  
Mengyan Zhu ◽  
Guangshun Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Flight Initiation Distance ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Important Prey ◽  
Escape Responses ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Flight Initiation

Humans and dogs initiate measurable escape responses in wild animals including flight initiation distance (FID), with potentially negative consequences. Golden marmots are important prey for endangered carnivores and are subject to human persecution including via marmot baiting with dogs. We quantified FID at four marmot colonies (72 individuals) in the Karakoram range, Pakistan in response to approach by a pedestrian with a leashed dog versus approach by a pedestrian alone (i.e., a control). Additionally, we related FID to background variables of human activity, namely proximity to roads, and presence of other pedestrians in the vicinity of study sites during sampling. We also controlled for potential environmental and social covariates (e.g., group size, age and sex, and colony substrate). Dogs initiated greater FID than pedestrians alone, and there was evidence that roads increased FID. However, these effects were weaker than those of marmot age and colony substrate. FID was greater at lower elevations, but this may reflect the clustering in these zones of human settlements and livestock pasture. Further work is needed elucidate the importance of colony substrate (linked to ease of human persecution), the effect of settlements and pasture, and the impact of increased FID on marmot fitness.

Force recordings during escape responses by Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin): Seasonal changes in the impact of handling stress

2008 ◽  
Vol 355 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helga Guderley ◽  
Xavier Janssoone ◽  
Madeleine Nadeau ◽  
Mélanie Bourgeois ◽  
Hernán Pérez Cortés
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Placopecten Magellanicus ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Escape Responses ◽  
The Impact

Formation of Lunar Craters and Bright Rays as a Result of Meteorite Impacts

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 415-418
Author(s):  
K. P. Stanyukovich ◽  
V. A. Bronshten
Keyword(s):  
Explosive Charge ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Meteorite Impacts ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lunar Craters ◽  
The Impact

The phenomena accompanying the impact of large meteorites on the surface of the Moon or of the Earth can be examined on the basis of the theory of explosive phenomena if we assume that, instead of an exploding meteorite moving inside the rock, we have an explosive charge (equivalent in energy), situated at a certain distance under the surface.

The Geosciences Applied to Lunar Exploration

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 169-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Probable Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lunar Exploration ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Apply Geophysics ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
The Impact

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

Asteroid and Comet Impact Speeds upon Mars: Significance for Panspermia and the Supply of Organics

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Steel
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Significant Fraction ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhilst lithopanspermia depends upon massive impacts occurring at a speed above some limit, the intact delivery of organic chemicals or other volatiles to a planet requires the impact speed to be below some other limit such that a significant fraction of that material escapes destruction. Thus the two opposite ends of the impact speed distributions are the regions of interest in the bioastronomical context, whereas much modelling work on impacts delivers, or makes use of, only the mean speed. Here the probability distributions of impact speeds upon Mars are calculated for (i) the orbital distribution of known asteroids; and (ii) the expected distribution of near-parabolic cometary orbits. It is found that cometary impacts are far more likely to eject rocks from Mars (over 99 percent of the cometary impacts are at speeds above 20 km/sec, but at most 5 percent of the asteroidal impacts); paradoxically, the objects impacting at speeds low enough to make organic/volatile survival possible (the asteroids) are those which are depleted in such species.

Organic Syntheses During the Impact of a Comet with a Gaseous Planet

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Cesare Guaita ◽  
Roberto Crippa ◽  
Federico Manzini
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Material ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Blue Filter ◽  
Organic Syntheses ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA large amount of CO has been detected above many SL9/Jupiter impacts. This gas was never detected before the collision. So, in our opinion, CO was released from a parent compound during the collision. We identify this compound as POM (polyoxymethylene), a formaldehyde (HCHO) polymer that, when suddenly heated, reformes monomeric HCHO. At temperatures higher than 1200°K HCHO cannot exist in molecular form and the most probable result of its decomposition is the formation of CO. At lower temperatures, HCHO can react with NH3 and/or HCN to form high UV-absorbing polymeric material. In our opinion, this kind of material has also to be taken in to account to explain the complex evolution of some SL9 impacts that we observed in CCD images taken with a blue filter.

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

Unusual Microstructure in Shock-Compacted Graphite

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 474-475
Author(s):  
Lucien F. Trueb
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Characteristic ◽  
Compression Wave ◽  
Gray Zone ◽  
Flyer Plate ◽  
Compacted Graphite ◽  
The Impact

Crushed and statically compressed Madagascar graphite that was explosively shocked at 425 kb by means of a planar flyer-plate is characterized by a black zone extending for 2 to 3 nun below the impact plane of the driver. Beyond this point, the material assumes the normal gray color of graphite. The thickness of the black zone is identical with the distance taken by the relaxation wave to overtake the compression wave.The main mechanical characteristic of the black material is its great hardness; steel scalpels and razor blades are readily blunted during attempts to cut it. An average microhardness value of 95-3 DPHN was obtained with a 10 kg load. This figure is a minimum because the indentations were usually cracked; 14.8 DPHN was measured in the gray zone.

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