Variation in morphological and behavioral traits among isofemale strains ofDrosophila prolongata(Diptera: Drosophilidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayumi Kudo ◽  
Hisaki Takamori ◽  
Hideaki Watabe ◽  
Yukio Ishikawa ◽  
Takashi Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Isofemale Strains

scholarly journals Environmental temperature during early life affects the personality of mosquitofish in adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng Li ◽  
Xinyu ZHang ◽  
Yi Wu ◽  
Feng ZHang ◽  
CHunlin Li
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Behavioral Syndrome ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Behavioral Traits

Abstract Personality has been observed in a variety of animal taxa with important implications in ecology and evolution. Exploring the influence of environmental temperature during early life on personality could help to understand the ontogeny of this phenotypic trait in animals. In this study, we reared newborn mosquitofish Gambusia affinis at high (30°C) and low (25°C) water temperatures and measured their shyness and exploration upon sexual maturity. We tested the repeatability of each behavioral trait; the correlation between them; and the effects of rearing temperature, sex, and body length on the behaviors. When growing up at low temperatures, female fish exhibited repeatability in shyness and exploration, and males exhibited marginal repeatability in shyness. However, neither of the 2 behaviors were repeatable when the fish were reared at high temperatures. There was a negative correlation between shyness and exploration, indicating that the 2 behaviors comprise a behavioral syndrome in this species. Mosquitofish reared at high temperatures were more explorative than those reared at low temperatures, while there was no difference in shyness between the 2 treatments. Body length and sex had no significant effects on the average values of the 2 behaviors. The results indicate that environmental temperature during early life could shape the personality of mosquitofish and modify the average of the behavioral traits. These findings might provide insights to understand the ontogeny of animal personality and how changes in environmental temperature influence animal dispersal by shaping their personality.

scholarly journals The Insect Type 1 Tyramine Receptors: From Structure to Behavior

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Luca Finetti ◽  
Thomas Roeder ◽  
Girolamo Calò ◽  
Giovanni Bernacchia
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Transduction Mechanisms ◽  
Octopamine Receptor ◽  
Available Information ◽  
First Time

Tyramine is a neuroactive compound that acts as neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and neurohormone in insects. Three G protein-coupled receptors, TAR1-3, are responsible for mediating the intracellular pathway in the complex tyraminergic network. TAR1, the prominent player in this system, was initially classified as an octopamine receptor which can also be activated by tyramine, while it later appeared to be a true tyramine receptor. Even though TAR1 is currently considered as a well-defined tyramine receptor and several insect TAR1s have been characterized, a defined nomenclature is still inconsistent. In the last years, our knowledge on the structural, biochemical, and functional properties of TAR1 has substantially increased. This review summarizes the available information on TAR1 from different insect species in terms of basic structure, its regulation and signal transduction mechanisms, and its distribution and functions in the brain and the periphery. A special focus is given to the TAR1-mediated intracellular signaling pathways as well as to their physiological role in regulating behavioral traits. Therefore, this work aims to correlate, for the first time, the physiological relevance of TAR1 functions with the tyraminergic system in insects. In addition, pharmacological studies have shed light on compounds with insecticidal properties having TAR1 as a target and on the emerging trend in the development of novel strategies for pest control.

Behavioral traits of artificially and naturally hatched geese in intensive and free-range production systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 105273
Author(s):  
Mehmet Akif Boz ◽  
Musa Sarıca ◽  
Umut Sami Yamak ◽  
Kadir Erensoy
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Free Range

scholarly journals Artificial life and ‘nature’s purposes’: The question of behavioral autonomy

Human Affairs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-596
Author(s):  
Elena Popa
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Life ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Autonomous Behavior ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Behavioral Autonomy ◽  
Synthetic Life ◽  
Biological Organisms

AbstractThis paper investigates the concept of behavioral autonomy in Artificial Life by drawing a parallel to the use of teleological notions in the study of biological life. Contrary to one of the leading assumptions in Artificial Life research, I argue that there is a significant difference in how autonomous behavior is understood in artificial and biological life forms: the former is underlain by human goals in a way that the latter is not. While behavioral traits can be explained in relation to evolutionary history in biological organisms, in synthetic life forms behavior depends on a design driven by a research agenda, further shaped by broader human goals. This point will be illustrated with a case study on a synthetic life form. Consequently, the putative epistemic benefit of reaching a better understanding of behavioral autonomy in biological organisms by synthesizing artificial life forms is subject to doubt: the autonomy observed in such artificial organisms may be a mere projection of human agency. Further questions arise in relation to the need to spell out the relevant human aims when addressing potential social or ethical implications of synthesizing artificial life forms.

scholarly journals Testing the Likeable, Therefore Abundant Hypothesis: Bird Species Likeability by Urban Residents Varies Significantly with Species Traits

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 487
Author(s):  
Lillian Collins ◽  
Grant D. Paton ◽  
Sara A. Gagné
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Species Traits ◽  
Community Change ◽  
Habitat Availability ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Behavioral Traits

The urbanization of landscapes filters bird communities to favor particular species traits, driven in part by the changes that homeowners make to the amount and quality of habitat in yards. We suggest that an ultimate driver of these proximate mechanisms underlying bird community change with respect to urbanization is the likeability of species traits by urban residents. We hypothesize that bird species likeability, modulated by species traits, influences the degree to which homeowners alter the availability and quality of habitat on their properties and thereby affects species population sizes in urbanized landscapes. We refer to this new hypothesis as the Likeable, therefore Abundant Hypothesis. The Likeable, therefore Abundant Hypothesis predicts that (1) bird species likeability varies with species morphological and behavioral traits, (2) homeowners use trait-based likeability as a motivator to modify habitat availability and quality on their properties, and (3) residential habitat availability and quality influences species populations at landscape scales. We tested the first prediction of the Likeable, therefore Abundant Hypothesis using a survey of 298 undergraduate students at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte who were asked to rank their preferences for 85 forest generalist and edge/open country songbird species grouped according to 10 morphological and behavioral traits. Survey respondents preferred very small, primarily blue or black species that are insectivorous, aerial or bark foragers, residents, and culturally unimportant. On the other hand, respondents disliked large or very large, primarily yellow or orange species that forage on the ground and/or forage by flycatching, are migratory, and are culturally important. If the Likeable, therefore Abundant Hypothesis is true, natural resource managers and planners could capitalize on the high likeability of species that are nevertheless negatively affected by urbanization to convince homeowners and residents to actively manage their properties for species conservation.

scholarly journals On a Magical Mystery Tour of Green Insecticide Research: Current Issues and Challenges

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 5014
Author(s):  
Giovanni Benelli
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lethal Doses ◽  
Selection Of

The Editorial outlines recent research advances in green insecticide research. Particular attention is devoted to studies shedding light on the modes of action and non-target toxicity of natural substances of plant origin. Research focusing on the development of new formulations (including those relating to nano-objects) to magnify the effectiveness and stability of green insecticides in the field represents key advances. Herein, a carefully reviewed selection of cutting edge articles about green pesticide development recently published in Molecules is presented. The impact of sub-lethal doses of green insecticides on insect behavioral traits is still overlooked, representing a timely challenge for further research.

scholarly journals Essential Oils as “A Cry for Help”. A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Zitzelsberger ◽  
Gerhard Buchbauer
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Indirect Defense ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cry For Help ◽  
Third Trophic Level ◽  
Crucial Information ◽  
Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides

This work is an update of a recently published review and is consistently referred to this article and recent findings about plants’ indirect defense are added on. Herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and their effects on the third trophic level that involves predators and parasitoids are discussed. The fact that plants are not passive individuals is confirmed on the basis of several studies. Plants can perceive and respond to cues in their environments with plastic morphological, physiological and behavioral traits. Plasticity allows plants to tailor their defenses to their current and expected risks caused by herbivores. The “cry for help” of plants is also observed from the carnivores’ point of view. The volatile mixture contains crucial information for decisions of carnivorous insects. Furthermore, the most important methods to examine the behavioral response of carnivorous insects to HIPVs are presented not only in laboratory set ups but also in the field. Manipulations of plants by silencing genes or over-expressing genes can help to understand mechanisms of indirect defense. Various interesting examples of indirect defense reveal the possibility to use HIPVs in biological control. Therefore, the application of synthetic pesticides, that pollute the environment, may be reduced in the future.

scholarly journals Appetitive behavioral traits and stimulus intensity influence maintenance of conditioned fear

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E. Olshavsky ◽  
Carolyn E. Jones ◽  
Hongjoo J. Lee ◽  
Marie-H. Monfils
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Behavioral Traits

Host choice, settling and folding leaf behaviors of the larval rice leaf folder under heat stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 809-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Bodlah ◽  
A.-X. Zhu ◽  
X.-D. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Host Choice ◽  
Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rice Leaf ◽  
Rice Leaf Folder ◽  
Extreme High Temperature ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

AbstractExtreme high-temperature events are the key factor to determine population dynamics of the rice leaf folder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée), in summer. Although we know that adult of this insect can migrate to avoid heat stress, the behavioral response of larva to high temperature is still unclear. Therefore, impacts of high temperature on behavioral traits ofC. medinalisincluding host choice, settling and folding leaf were observed. The results revealed that these behavioral traits were clearly influenced by high temperature. The larvae preferred maize leaves rather than rice and wheat at normal temperature of 27°C, but larvae experienced a higher temperature of 37 or 40°C for 4 h preferred rice leaves rather than maize and wheat. Capacity of young larvae to find host leaves or settle on the upper surface of leaves significantly reduced when they were treated by high temperature. High temperature of 40°C reduced the leaf-folding capacity of the third instar larvae, but no effects were observed on the fourth and fifth instar larvae. Short-term heat acclimation could not improve the capacity of the third instar larvae to make leaf fold under 40°C.

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