scholarly journals How many macropods? A manager’s guide to small‐scale population surveys of kangaroos and wallabies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
pp. 75-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Coulson ◽  
Melissa A. Snape ◽  
Jemma K. Cripps
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Population Surveys ◽  
Scale Population

Large- and small-scale vortical motions in a shear layer perturbed by tabs

1999 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 307-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUDITH K. FOSS ◽  
K. B. M. Q. ZAMAN
Keyword(s):  
Shear Layer ◽  
Pitch Angle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Streamwise Vortices ◽  
Streamwise Vorticity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Scale Population

The large- and small-scale vortical motions produced by ‘delta tabs’ in a two-stream shear layer have been studied experimentally. An increase in mixing was observed when the base of the triangular shaped tab was affixed to the trailing edge of the splitter plate and the apex was pitched at some angle with respect to the flow axis. Such an arrangement produced a pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices. Hot-wire measurements detailed the velocity, time-averaged vorticity (Ωx) and small-scale turbulence features in the three-dimensional space downstream of the tabs. The small-scale structures, whose scale corresponds to that of the peak in the dissipation spectrum, were identified and counted using the peak-valley-counting technique. The optimal pitch angle, θ, for a single tab and the optimal spanwise spacing, S, for a multiple tab array were identified. Since the goal was to increase mixing, the optimal tab configuration was determined from two properties of the flow field: (i) the large-scale motions with the maximum Ωx, and (ii) the largest number of small-scale motions in a given time period. The peak streamwise vorticity magnitude [mid ]Ωx−max[mid ] was found to have a unique relationship with the tab pitch angle. Furthermore, for all cases examined, the overall small-scale population was found to correlate directly with [mid ]Ωx−max[mid ]. Both quantities peaked at θ≈±45°. It is interesting to note that the peak magnitude of the corresponding circulation in the cross-sectional plane occurred for θ≈±90°. For an array of tabs, the two quantities also depended on the tab spacing. An array of contiguous tabs acted as a solid deflector producing the weakest streamwise vortices and the least small-scale population. For the measurement range covered, the optimal spacing was found to be S≈1.5 tab widths.

scholarly journals The Random Forest-Based Method of Fine-Resolution Population Spatialization by Using the International Space Station Nighttime Photography and Social Sensing Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangning Li ◽  
Yunhao Chen ◽  
Ying Li
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
International Space ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Fine Resolution ◽  
Population Mapping

Despite the importance of high-resolution population distribution in urban planning, disaster prevention and response, region economic development, and improvement of urban habitant environment, traditional urban investigations mainly focused on large-scale population spatialization by using coarse-resolution nighttime light (NTL) while few efforts were made to fine-resolution population mapping. To address problems of generating small-scale population distribution, this paper proposed a method based on the Random Forest Regression model to spatialize a 25 m population from the International Space Station (ISS) photography and urban function zones generated from social sensing data—point-of-interest (POI). There were three main steps, namely HSL (hue saturation lightness) transformation and saturation calibration of ISS, generating functional-zone maps based on point-of-interest, and spatializing population based on the Random Forest model. After accuracy assessments by comparing with WorldPop, the proposed method was validated as a qualified method to generate fine-resolution population spatial maps. In the discussion, this paper suggested that without help of auxiliary data, NTL cannot be directly employed as a population indicator at small scale. The Variable Importance Measure of the RF model confirmed the correlation between features and population and further demonstrated that urban functions performed better than LULC (Land Use and Land Cover) in small-scale population mapping. Urban height was also shown to improve the performance of population disaggregation due to its compensation of building volume. To sum up, this proposed method showed great potential to disaggregate fine-resolution population and other urban socio-economic attributes.

scholarly journals Measuring Regional Ethnolinguistic Diversity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Surveys vs. GIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S40-S45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Gershman ◽  
Diego Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Information Systems ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Population Surveys ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract This paper compares two approaches to measuring subnational ethnolinguistic diversity in Sub-Saharan Africa, one based on censuses and large-scale population surveys and the other relying on the use of geographic information systems (GIS). The two approaches yield sets of regional fractionalization indices that show a moderately positive correlation, with a stronger association across rural areas. These differences matter for empirical analysis: in a common sample of regions, survey-based indices of deep-rooted diversity show a more strongly negative association with a range of development indicators relative to their highest-quality GIS-based counterparts.

scholarly journals Experimental evidence for convergent evolution of maternal care heuristics in industrialized and small-scale populations

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 140518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Kushnick ◽  
Ben Hanowell ◽  
Jun-Hong Kim ◽  
Banrida Langstieh ◽  
Vittorio Magnano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
National Level ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Vignette Experiment

Maternal care decision rules should evolve responsiveness to factors impinging on the fitness pay-offs of care. Because the caretaking environments common in industrialized and small-scale societies vary in predictable ways, we hypothesize that heuristics guiding maternal behaviour will also differ between these two types of populations. We used a factorial vignette experiment to elicit third-party judgements about likely caretaking decisions of a hypothetical mother and her child when various fitness-relevant factors (maternal age and access to resources, and offspring age, sex and quality) were varied systematically in seven populations—three industrialized and four small-scale. Despite considerable variation in responses, we found that three of five main effects, and the two severity effects, exhibited statistically significant industrialized/ small-scale population differences. All differences could be explained as adaptive solutions to industrialized versus small-scale caretaking environments. Further, we found gradients in the relationship between the population-specific estimates and national-level socio-economic indicators, further implicating important aspects of the variation in industrialized and small-scale caretaking environments in shaping heuristics. Although there is mounting evidence for a genetic component to human maternal behaviour, there is no current evidence for interpopulation variation in candidate genes. We nonetheless suggest that heuristics guiding maternal behaviour in diverse societies emerge via convergent evolution in response to similar selective pressures.

scholarly journals Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: detection and characterization of the responsible antibodies by the platelet immunofluorescence test

Blood ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-656
Author(s):  
AE von dem Borne ◽  
EF van Leeuwen ◽  
LE von Riesz ◽  
CJ van Boxtel ◽  
CP Engelfriet
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cytotoxicity Test ◽  
Platelet Antibodies ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Immunofluorescent Test ◽  
Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia

Platelet immunofluorescence, together with other serologic tests on platelets, lymphocytes, and granulocytes, was used to investigate the sera of 38 mothers with newborns who suffered from thrombocytopenia. In sera of 33 mothers, platelet-specific IgG alloantibodies were demonstrable. Three sera also contained HLA antibodies, of which two were only detectable in the lymphocyte cytotoxicity test. Two other sera contained granulocyte-specific alloantibodies. In sera of 2 mothers, antibodies were found that reacted with all cell types in all tests. However, after further analysis, it became clear that platelet- specific alloantibodies were probably also present in these 2 sera. In 29 cases, the specificity of the platelet alloantibodies was anti-Zwa-- PlA1. One serum contained antibodies directed against a new antigen, Baka. This new antigen was defined after the investigation of the family and a small-scale population study. Two other sera had platelet antibodies with still undefined specificities. In all positive sera, IgG platelet alloantibodies were detected, and sometimes IgM antibodies were also present. The IgG antibodies were mostly of the IgG1 subclasses, but sometimes IgG3 and/or IgG4 was also found. In a few sera, only IgG3 antibodies were detected. In our series, we found no increased frequency of blood group ABO compatibility between mother and child, although it has been described by others and is well known to occur in rhesus alloimmunization. Of all the tests used, the platelet immunofluorescent test, especially the test on paraformaldehyde-fixed platelets in suspension, gave the best results in the detection of platelet antibodies in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

scholarly journals Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: detection and characterization of the responsible antibodies by the platelet immunofluorescence test

Blood ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE von dem Borne ◽  
EF van Leeuwen ◽  
LE von Riesz ◽  
CJ van Boxtel ◽  
CP Engelfriet
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cytotoxicity Test ◽  
Platelet Antibodies ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Immunofluorescent Test ◽  
Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia

Abstract Platelet immunofluorescence, together with other serologic tests on platelets, lymphocytes, and granulocytes, was used to investigate the sera of 38 mothers with newborns who suffered from thrombocytopenia. In sera of 33 mothers, platelet-specific IgG alloantibodies were demonstrable. Three sera also contained HLA antibodies, of which two were only detectable in the lymphocyte cytotoxicity test. Two other sera contained granulocyte-specific alloantibodies. In sera of 2 mothers, antibodies were found that reacted with all cell types in all tests. However, after further analysis, it became clear that platelet- specific alloantibodies were probably also present in these 2 sera. In 29 cases, the specificity of the platelet alloantibodies was anti-Zwa-- PlA1. One serum contained antibodies directed against a new antigen, Baka. This new antigen was defined after the investigation of the family and a small-scale population study. Two other sera had platelet antibodies with still undefined specificities. In all positive sera, IgG platelet alloantibodies were detected, and sometimes IgM antibodies were also present. The IgG antibodies were mostly of the IgG1 subclasses, but sometimes IgG3 and/or IgG4 was also found. In a few sera, only IgG3 antibodies were detected. In our series, we found no increased frequency of blood group ABO compatibility between mother and child, although it has been described by others and is well known to occur in rhesus alloimmunization. Of all the tests used, the platelet immunofluorescent test, especially the test on paraformaldehyde-fixed platelets in suspension, gave the best results in the detection of platelet antibodies in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document