Neurodevelopmental origins of substance use disorders: Evidence from animal models of early‐life adversity and addiction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia C. Levis ◽  
Tallie Z. Baram ◽  
Stephen V. Mahler
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Adversity

scholarly journals Amygdala Allostasis and Early Life Adversity: Considering Excitotoxicity and Inescapability in the Sequelae of Stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Lars Hanson ◽  
Brendon Nacewicz
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Stress Buffering ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The Impact

Early life adversity (ELA), such as child maltreatment or child poverty, engenders problems with emotional and behavioral regulation. In the quest to understand the neurobiological sequelae and mechanisms of risk, the amygdala has been of major focus. While the basic functions of this region make it a strong candidate for understanding the multiple mental health issues common after ELA, extant literature is marked by profound inconsistencies, with reports of larger, smaller, and no differences in regional volumes of this area. We believe integrative models of stress neurodevelopment, grounded in “allostatic load”, will help resolve inconsistencies in the impact of ELA on the amygdala. In this review, we attempt to connect past research studies to new findings with animal models of cellular and neurotransmitter mediators of stress buffering to extreme fear generalization onto testable research and clinical concepts. Drawing on the greater impact of inescapability over unpredictability in animal models, we propose a mechanism by which ELA aggravates an exhaustive cycle of amygdala expansion and subsequent toxic-metabolic damage. We connect this neurobiological sequela to psychosocial mal/adaptation after ELA, bridging to behavioral studies of attachment, emotion processing, and social functioning. Lastly, we conclude this review by proposing a multitude of future directions in preclinical work and studies of humans that suffered ELA.

Addiction, inequality and recovery

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Svanberg
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Health Equality ◽  
Societal Inequality ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the impact of health inequalities on addiction and how the recommendations of the Marmot Review could influence recovery from addiction. The Marmot Review was tasked with devising strategies to reduce health inequalities in England, and rightly recognised that health equality requires a debate about what kind of society we want to live in. When considering societies as a whole, there is a clearer relationship between poor health outcomes and societal inequality; rich countries with a steep social gradient do worse than poorer, but more equal, countries. The chapter first provides an overview of factors that cause substance use and addiction before discussing the role of early life adversity in addiction and the link between inequality and addiction. More specifically, it explains how unequal societies lead to addiction and goes on to consider how society can support recovery from addiction.

scholarly journals Early Life Stress as a Risk Factor for Substance use Disorders: Clinical and Neurobiological Substrates

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajoy Purathumuriyil Varghese ◽  
Janitza L. Montalvo-Ortiz ◽  
John G. Csernansky ◽  
Rodney I. Eiger ◽  
Amy A. Herrold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Neurobiological Substrates
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