scholarly journals Threat of shock promotes passive avoidance, but not active avoidance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Helana Binti Affandi ◽  
Alexandra C. Pike ◽  
Oliver Joe Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Threat Of Shock

scholarly journals Behavioural inhibition and valuation of gain/loss are neurally distinct from approach/withdrawal

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil McNaughton ◽  
Philip J. Corr
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Goal Conflict ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition ◽  
Gain Loss ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition System ◽  
Reward And Punishment

Abstract Gain or omission/termination of loss produces approach; while loss or omission/termination of gain produces withdrawal. Control of approach/withdrawal motivation is distinct from valuation of gain/loss and does not entail learning – making “reward” and “punishment” ambiguous. Approach-withdrawal goal conflict engages a neurally distinct Behavioural Inhibition System, which controls “anxiety” (conflict/passive avoidance) but not “fear” (withdrawal/active avoidance).

scholarly journals Effect of Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin on Learning and Memory in Rats with Diazepam-Induced Amnesia

Folia Medica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria T. Georgieva-Kotetarova ◽  
Ivanka I. Kostadinova
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Avoidance Test ◽  
Avoidance Tests ◽  
Step Down ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Active Avoidance Test

ABSTRACT During the past decade, evidence has emerged that statins have neuroprotective effects. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on learning and memory in rats with diazepam-induced amnesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experiments were carried out on 48 white male Wistar rats, divided into 6 groups, each of 8 rats. The experimental animals were treated per os for 14 days with atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in doses of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg body weight, respectively. To induce amnesia diazepam was administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg bw. Cognitive skills of the animals were examined after the induction of amnesia with active avoidance test using autonomic reflex conditioner (shuttle box) and passive avoidance tests (step-through and step down) (Ugo Basile, Italy). The following parameters were assessed: number of conditioned responses (avoidances), number of unconditioned responses (escapes) and number of intertrial crossings in the active avoidance test; latency of reactions was measured in the passive avoidance tests. RESULTS: We found a significant increase of conditioned responses in atorvastatin treated animals (in a dose of 10 mg/kg bw) in active avoidance training. In the animals treated with rosuvastatin in both doses there was a statistically significant increase of unconditioned responses. In the step-through passive avoidance test there was significant improvement of short-term and long-term memory following administration of atorvastatin (10 mg/kg bw). Rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg bw) preserves long-term memory. In the step-down passive avoidance test, atorvastatin (10 mg/kg bw) and rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg bw and 20 mg/kg bw) preserve long-term memory. CONCLUSIONS: Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg bw) and rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg bw) improve cognitive functions in rats with diazepam-induced amnesia and preserve longterm memory.

Generalizations from the Distinction of Passive and Active Avoidance

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren K. Gerbrandt
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Papez Circuit ◽  
Passive And Active Avoidance

A wide variety of behavioral and physiological data were presented which were discrepant and unrelated without the use of two integrating hypotheses. The behavioral hypothesis was generalized from the distinction of passive and active avoidance by making passive avoidance a subset of the class “inhibit-attentive-responses,” while the physiological hypothesis was generalized from both anatomical and physiological data to show that the inhibit-attentive and passive-avoidance classes of phenomena have an extensive physiological substrate similar to the Papez circuit. The precision of control over the initiation and maintenance of attentive behaviors was hypothesized to be a function of these inhibitory capacities. The hypotheses were discussed in relation to the literature in order to demonstrate their use.

Effect of Response Prevention on Active and Passive Components of Avoidance Behavior

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1261-1262
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Dickson ◽  
David A. Sisemore ◽  
Jeffrey N. Andert ◽  
Thomas L. Hustak ◽  
James W. Quillin
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Response Prevention ◽  
Passive Components

A response prevention procedure with 30 rats eliminated oneway active avoidance. However, residual fear, as indexed by passive avoidance, was maintained following response prevention.

Effects of cholinesterase inhibitor metrifonate on naive rats and rats with a model of hypoxia-induced impaired memory

Open Medicine ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-446
Author(s):  
Darinka Dimitrova ◽  
Damianka Getova ◽  
Vesselin Belovezdov
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Learning Session ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Avoidance Test ◽  
Avoidance Tests

AbstractCholinesterase inhibitors are currently used in the therapy of different kind of dementia to improve brain memory functions. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor metrifonate was studied in naive rats and in rats with a model of sodium nitrite-induced hypoxia. One active avoidance test and in two passive avoidance tests were used. In the active avoidance test metrifonate increased the number of avoidances during the learning session only. In both passive avoidance tests, metrifonate prolonged latency differently during the learning session and in short-term or in long-term memory retention. Hypoxic rats showed lower numbers of avoidances in learning and memory retention sessions. Metrifonate increased the number of avoidances during the learning session for hypoxic rats. In the step-through passive avoidance test, metrifonate increased the latency of reactions in the learning session and in long-term memory retention tests. In the step-down passive avoidance test, the groups with hypoxia and metrifonate did not change the latency of reaction in the learning and long-term memory retention sessions, but increased the latency of reactions in the short-term memory retention test. Morphological data showed a significant impaired neuronal structure in a CA1 zone of the hippocampus in hypoxic rats and a tendency to preserving in rats treated with metrifonate. Our results suggest that metrifonate improves cognitive functions in naive and in hypoxic rats.

scholarly journals HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF SWERTIA CHIRATA AND SWERTIA CORDATA ATTENUATES HYPOXIA-MEDIATED MEMORY DYSFUNCTION BY IMPROVING NEURONAL SURVIVAL IN WISTAR RATS

2019 ◽  
pp. 356-362
Author(s):  
KRITIKA KAUSHAL ◽  
HARVINDER SINGH ◽  
ANIL KANT
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Memory Dysfunction ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Memory Functions ◽  
Swertia Chirata ◽  
The Brain

Objective: Swertia chirata and Swertia cordata have been used in traditional and folk medicines to treat several mental disorders. However, the mechanistic and experimental justification to its traditional use is lacking. The present study was aimed to investigate the neuromodulatory potential of S. chirata and S. cordata during hypoxia-induced neuronal damage in Wistar rats and to determine the underlying mechanism. Methods: Animals were divided into six groups (n=5). Hypoxia was inflicted by subjecting animals to the atmosphere having 10% O2 for 3 days. Animals were administered 100 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract of S. chirata and S. cordata orally once daily for 7 days, after which motor coordination (Rotarod test) and memory functions (active avoidance test and passive avoidance test) were evaluated. Animals were sacrificed and biochemical investigations for oxidative stress and histopathology were performed. Results: Subjecting animals to hypoxia resulted in marked memory dysfunction, and extract treatments improved memory functions in active avoidance and passive avoidance task. Hypoxiainduced the marked oxidative stress as indicated by the significantly elevated reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and depleted catalase and glutathione levels in the hippocampus. S. chirata and S. cordata treatment alleviated oxidative stress in the hippocampus region of the brain. Brain histopathology confirmed that hypoxia resulted in significant neuronal damage and extract treatment efficiently rescued neurons from hypoxic damage. Overall, S. chirata extract treatment was observed to have better neuromodulatory effect than S. cordata during hypoxia. Conclusion: Hypoxia induced memory dysfunction by inflicting neuronal damage and oxidative stress in the hippocampus region of the brain. The hydroalcoholic extract of S. chirata and S. cordata improved memory functions in hypoxic animals by alleviating hippocampal oxidative stress and by improving neuronal morphology and survival.

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