Monitoring foliar symptom expression in beech leaf disease through time

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie J. Fearer ◽  
Daniel Volk ◽  
Constance E. Hausman ◽  
Pierluigi Bonello
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Leaf Disease ◽  
Foliar Symptom

Assessment of Stylosanthes seed yield reduction caused by phytoplasma-associated diseases

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. De La Rue ◽  
R. Hopkinson ◽  
K. S. Gibb
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Initial Symptom ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Leaf Disease ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stylosanthes Scabra

The effect of Stylosanthes little leaf disease on Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca seed yield was monitored over 2 consecutive seasons at Southedge Research Station in northern Queensland. The time of initial symptom expression was recorded during weekly assessments to determine what effect time of infection after planting had on seed yield. First flowering date was recorded to establish whether the developmental stage of the plant, as indicated by the onset of reproductive activity, at the time of symptom expression influenced the effect of Stylosanthes little leaf disease on yield. At the end of each season, both diseased and asymptomatic plants were harvested and seed yield determined. Seed yield data from the 1999 season showed that there was no significant difference between the mean yield of symptomatic plants, regardless of when they first showed symptoms, and that of asymptomatic plants. However, during the 2000 season plants that showed symptoms early in the season had a significantly lower seed yield than both asymptomatic plants and plants that became diseased later in the season. This decrease in productivity amounted to a yield loss of 98.8 and 56.5% when the plants showed symptoms at 79�and 110 days, respectively, after planting. If plants became diseased within 30 days of first flowering, they did not produce significant amounts of seed. Yield remained low even when the time between first flowering and initial symptom expression increased up to 60 days, after which yield was extremely variable but within the range of that observed for individual asymptomatic plants. It is concluded that Stylosanthes little leaf disease has little or no effect on seed yield if plants have been flowering for about 8 weeks before symptom expression.

scholarly journals Current knowledge on Grapevine Trunk Diseases with complex etiology: a systemic approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-53
Author(s):  
Marion CLAVERIE ◽  
Martin NOTARO ◽  
Florence FONTAINE ◽  
Jacques WERY
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Foliar Symptom ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Trunk Diseases

Among all causes of grapevine decline, Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) are major concerns for grape growers. This paper reviews knowledge and proposes hypotheses on two major GTDs, esca and Botryosphaeria dieback, and assembles a conceptual model. The objective was to collect information into a sequence, from grapevine nursery propagation processes, through foliar symptom expression, to plant death in mature vineyards. Pathogen infection and colonization steps in woody vine tissues, and the hypotheses that have been formulated to explain the outburst of foliar symptoms, are reported and discussed. Factors that could aggravate or repress GTD symptoms and incidence expansion are also addressed. Vine physiology and pathology together could expand understanding of these diseases. Knowledge and hypotheses that need validation are summarized, and a conceptual model is proposed to explain the occurrence of symptoms and the influencing factors. The model could be useful to cope with the complexity of GTDs, and as a starting point for research to unravel knowledge gaps and suggest new disease management strategies.

The influence of ozone on Pinusstrobus L. pollen germination

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Benoit ◽  
J. M. Skelly ◽  
L. D. Moore ◽  
L. S. Dochinger
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Blue Ridge ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Foliar Symptom ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Blue Ridge Parkway

Along the Blue Ridge Parkway in Virginia, branchlets and pollen were collected from native eastern white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) trees that were sensitive, intermediate, and tolerant to oxidant air pollution based on foliar symptom expression. Fumigation of branchlets with 0.10 ppm ozone (O3) for 4 or 8 h/day until anthesis did not affect pollen production or germinability. However, the percent germination was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced in pollen exposed under wet conditions to 0.15 O3 for 4 h. The importance of this finding in the reproduction of pines is discussed.

Ultrastructure of wilt syndrome caused by Verticillium dahliae. III. Chronological symptom development in sunflower leaves

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Robb ◽  
Lloyd Busch ◽  
Jean D. Brisson ◽  
B. C. Lu
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Band 3 ◽  
Xylem Vessel ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Mesophyll Tissue ◽  
Foliar Symptom

When sunflowers are infected by the vascular pathogen Verticillium dahliae, the first visible foliar symptom is the appearance of tiny chlorotic flecks. An attempt was made to determine the temporal order in which early ultrastructural changes leading to symptom expression occur. The evidence indicates that ultrastructural changes occur in the following order: (1) degradation of xylem vessel walls, (2) initiation of the necrotic band, (3) degeneration of the mesophyll tissue remote from the vein, and (4) degeneration of the phloem. The possible importance of xylem vessel plugs and of phenolic compounds to the initiation of symptom development is also discussed.

scholarly journals Foliar Symptom Expression of Wood Decay in Actinidia deliciosa in Relation to Environmental Factors

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 1150-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Di Marco ◽  
Fabio Osti
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Foliar Symptom ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Wood Deterioration ◽  
First Time

Kiwifruit vines (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa) have recently been affected by a new form of decay caused by several fungi that produce different types of wood deterioration in the trunk and cordons. Surveys were conducted over a period of 5 years to investigate epidemiological aspects of the disease in a typical Italian growing area (Emilia-Romagna), where kiwifruit is widely cultivated and where the disease was noted for the first time. The disease was widespread over the kiwifruit growing area surveyed, and its incidence increased over the course of the survey. No relationship was found between vineyard soil characteristics or management methods and the annual incidence of symptomatic vines. Foliar symptoms did not consistently express every season even on obviously infected vines. The time of appearance and the development of the disease were correlated with plant phenology and temperature. In particular, from June to August, temperature seemed to affect the annual incidence of the disease in terms of both symptomatic shoots and symptomatic vines. The aspects in common between the decay of kiwifruit and esca of grapevine could be hypothesized and are discussed.

Foliar Symptom Expression in Association with Early Infection and Xylem Colonization by Fusarium virguliforme (formerly F. solani f. sp. glycines), the Causal Agent of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrishail S. Navi ◽  
X. B. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Fusarium Virguliforme ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Foliar Symptom

Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by Fusarium virguliforme (FV), is a root disease that results in severe foliar symptoms during the reproductive stage. In a regular growing season, an epidemic of SDS is highly correlated with the planting date and the disease tends to be more severe in earlier planted soybeans. Occurrence of infection early in the season is likely to result in colonization in the xylem and phloem tissues, a process essential for foliar symptom expression because xylem tissues are upward pathways in soybean plants. To demonstrate the biology of this infection, we used an effective and quantifiable seedling inoculation technique in which germinated seeds in a Petri dish were spray-inoculated with conidial suspension before being transplanted. Plants that had foliar symptoms showed both external and internal discolored taproots and basal stems, while plants with no foliar symptoms had only superficial discoloration. Microtome sectioning of taproots of plants that had foliar symptoms revealed the presence of fungal structures in both xylem and phloem tissues, while plants that had no foliar symptoms revealed fungal structures only in phloem tissue. A scanning electron microscope study showed a higher penetration frequency of FV near the root-cap zone where few or no root hairs of the radicle were found. These results indicate that fungal penetration into the xylem tissue plays a role in foliar symptom expression. Accepted for publication 10 December 2007. Published 22 February 2008.

scholarly journals Alterations in Grapevine Leaf Metabolism Occur Prior to Esca Apoplexy Appearance

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 946-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryline Magnin-Robert ◽  
Marielle Adrian ◽  
Sophie Trouvelot ◽  
Alessandro Spagnolo ◽  
Lucile Jacquens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Glutathione Level ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Esca Disease ◽  
Foliar Symptom ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Preferential Location ◽  
Preceding Symptom

Esca disease is one of the major grapevine trunk diseases in Europe and the etiology is complex, since several inhabiting fungi are identified to be associated with this disease. Among the foliar symptom expressions, the apoplectic form may be distinguished and characterized by sudden dieback of shoots, leaf drop, and shriveling of grape clusters in a few days that can ultimately induce the plant death. To further understand this drastic event, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to characterize responses of leaves during the period preceding symptom appearance (20 and 7 days before foliar symptom expression) and at the day of apoplexy expression. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide signatures for the apoplectic leaves and most changes concerning the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and phenylpropanoids. In deciphering glutathione-S-transferase (GST), its preferential location in phloem, correlated with the upregulation of GST genes and a decrease of the glutathione level, offers further support to the putative role of glutathione during apoplexy expression.

scholarly journals Wood necrosis in esca-affected vines: types, relationships and possible links with foliar symptom expression

OENO One ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Névile Maher ◽  
J. Piot ◽  
Sylvie Bastien ◽  
Jessica Vallance ◽  
Patrice Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Model ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Esca Disease ◽  
Foliar Symptom ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Internal Necrosis

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: Esca disease of grapevine is characterised by foliar symptoms associated with the development of various internal wood necroses. The aims of the present study are to determine the type and the quantity of necroses in the various woody compartments of vines, the relationships between them and the links between necroses and severity of foliar symptoms.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Symptomatic and asymptomatic vines cv Cabernet- Sauvignon were cross-sectioned to quantify the different types of internal necrosis in the scions (cordons, heads, and trunks) and rootstocks. Five necrosis « variables » were accounted for: central necrosis, sectorial necrosis, mixed necrosis, white rot, altered perimeter and in addition to the variable healing cone. In the scion, for all types of necrosis variables, a significant correlation between compartments was found. Vines with acute foliar form of esca had very advanced peripheral tissue degradations in the xylem and cambial zones. Chronic foliar expression of esca was associated with quantity of internal necroses higher than those obtained for asymptomatic vines. A logistic model indicated that white rot in the cordons was the best predictor for the chronic form of esca.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Necroses formed a continuum within the plant. The scion is like a single unit with a volume of necroses useful to determine the health status of vines.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: A quantitative analysis of vine internal necroses would open up new possibilities for esca-epidemic approaches.</p>

Relative sensitivity of 18 full-sib families of Pinustaeda to O3

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. Kress ◽  
J. M. Skelly ◽  
K. H. Hinkelmann
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Foliar Symptom ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Further Development

Seedlings of 18 full-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) were screened for sensitivity to 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, or 0.25 ppm O3 in 8-h exposures. Primary needles of newly germinated seedlings and secondary needles of 1-year-old trees were exposed when the needle ages were 3–4 and 8–12 weeks, respectively. Significant variation in foliar symptom expression was noted among families, and was nearly identical for both primary and secondary needles. Family 6-13 × 2-8 was the most sensitive in eight of nine treatments, and was significantly more sensitive than the remaining 17 families in five of nine treatments. In all cases, family 6-13 × 2-8 sustained greater injury than the families involving parent tree 504 (three families) and the difference was significant in eight of nine treatments. The data suggest that it may be feasible to use sensitive and insensitive families of loblolly pine as air pollutant bioindicators, although considerable further development is necessary. The finding that sensitivity and tolerance may be heritable warrants further study.

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