scholarly journals Terpene and resin acid contents in Scots pine stem lesions colonized by the rust fungus Cronartium pini

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Kaitera ◽  
Juha Piispanen ◽  
Ulrich Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Stem Lesions

Differences in Resin Acid Concentration between Brown-Rot Resistant and Susceptible Scots Pine Heartwood

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Harju ◽  
P. Kainulainen ◽  
M. Venäläinen ◽  
M. Tiitta ◽  
H. Viitanen
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Equilibrium Moisture Content ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Abietic Acid ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Hydrophobic Properties

Summary The concentration of individual resin acids and the equilibrium moisture content at a relative humidity of 100% were studied in brown-rot resistant and susceptible Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) heartwood. About 90% of the resin acids in the heartwood were of the abietane type, abietic acid being the most abundant. The concentration of resin acids was higher in the decay-resistant heartwood than in the decay-susceptible heartwood. Resin acids are presumably in part responsible for the decay resistance of Scots pine heartwood. However, no clear relationship was found between the concentration of resin acids and the equilibrium moisture content. The role of resin acids may also be ascribed to mechanisms other than their hydrophobic properties alone. The reasons for the slight differences in moisture content between the decay classes require further study.

Study of stilbene and resin acid content of Scots pine heartwood by electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Tomppo ◽  
Markku Tiitta ◽  
Tapio Laakso ◽  
Anni Harju ◽  
Martti Venäläinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Phase Angle ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Frequency Range

Abstract Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) heartwood samples were measured with electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at frequency range 1 Hz–10 MHz in green and relative humidity (RH) 65% conditioned moisture content (MC) after oven-drying. Complex impedance parameters were studied in relation to the density, moisture, resin acid and stilbene contents. The measurements were conducted in tangential (T) and longitudinal (L) directions with 36 samples in each analysis. For green MC, there were significant correlations between impedance phase angle and contents of stilbenes and resin acids at frequencies below 400 Hz. For the resin acid content, the strongest correlation with phase-angleT was -0.45 (P<0.01) at 100 Hz. Impedance magnitude correlated significantly with MC throughout the frequency range, e.g., at 10 kHz, r was -0.71 (P<0.001) for L-direction. In moisture conditioned state, the correlation between stilbenes and T-measured phase angle was strongest at 250 Hz, (r=-0.56, P<0.001). Equivalent circuit model of two ZARC-Cole elements in series was fitted for the measurements in green MC. Several model parameters correlated with MC (e.g., R1, L r=-0.64, P<0.001), but only one parameter correlated weakly with stilbene content (R2, T r=0.35, P<0.05). The study shows that EIS has a potential for independent determination of resin acid or stilbene contents and MC for green pine heartwood.

Phenolic and Lipophilic Extractives in Scots Pine Knots and Stemwood

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Willför ◽  
J. Hemming ◽  
M. Reunanen ◽  
B. Holmbom
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Abietic Acid ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Outer Branch

Summary The phenolic and lipophilic extractives in the heartwood of knots from seven Scots pine trees were analysed by GC, GC-MS and HPSEC. The knots contained large amounts of phenolic stilbenes, 1–7% (w/w), and lignans, 0.4–3% (w/w), while the stemwood contained around 1% (w/w) of stilbenes and no detectable lignans. In young trees without stem heartwood the stilbene content in the knots was up to 200 times that in the stem. Some in-tree and between-tree variation was seen in the content of phenolic compounds in the knots. The ratio of pinosylvin monomethyl ether to pinosylvin was higher in the knots than in the stemwood. The most abundant lignan was nortrachelogenin, but also matairesinol, secoisolariciresinol and liovil were present in small amounts in the knots. The knots also contained a complex mixture of lignan-like compounds, here called oligolignans. The flavonoid pinocembrin was present in both stemwood and knots in amounts below 0.02% (w/w). The stilbene concentration in the radial direction, from the pith to the outer branch, decreased or was on the same level inside the stem, while it decreased markedly in the outer branch. The lignan concentration was on the same level or decreased slightly inside the stem, while it decreased markedly in the branches and became almost non-existent within 10 cm out in the branches. The knots contained large amounts (4.5–32% (w/w)) of lipophilic extractives, mainly resin acids. Some in-tree and between-tree variation was seen for the resin acids. The abietane-type resin acids dominated over the pimarane-type acids and abietic acid was the most abundant resin acid in the knots and in stem heartwood. The amount of resin acids in the radial direction decreased or was on the same level inside the stem, while a clear decrease was detected in the branches. The profile of the distribution of resin acids and phenolic compounds was similar. The knots also contained up to 0.5% (w/w) of diterpenyl aldehydes.

scholarly journals Extractive concentrations and cellular level distributions change radially from outer to inner heartwood in Scots pine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiina Belt ◽  
Martti Venäläinen ◽  
Michael Altgen ◽  
Anni Harju ◽  
Lauri Rautkari
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Biological Attack ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
Extractable Compounds

Abstract The heartwood of many wood species is rich in extractives, which improve the wood material’s resistance to biological attack. Their concentration is generally higher in outer than inner heartwood, but the exact radial changes in aging heartwood remain poorly characterized. This investigation studied these radial changes in detail in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), using radial sample sequences prepared from three different trees. Stilbene and resin acid contents were first measured from bulk samples, after which the extractive contents of individual heartwood annual rings were investigated using Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Raman imaging and fluorescence microscopy were also used to study the cellular level distributions of extractives in different annual rings. Although there were substantial differences between the trees, the content and distribution of stilbenes seemed to follow a general radial trend. The results suggest that stilbenes are absorbed into heartwood tracheid cell walls from small stilbene-rich extractive deposits over several years and then eventually transform into non-extractable compounds in aging heartwood. Resin acids followed no consistent radial trends, but their content was strongly connected to the frequency of large extractive deposits in latewood tracheid lumens. The results highlight the variability of heartwood extractives: their content and distribution vary not only between trees but also between and even within the annual rings of a single tree. This high variability is likely to have important effects on the properties of heartwood and the utilization of heartwood timber.

Comparison of fatty and resin acid composition in boreal lodgepole pine and Scots pine for biorefinery applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 535-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Arshadi ◽  
Ingegerd Backlund ◽  
Paul Geladi ◽  
Urban Bergsten
Keyword(s):  
Acid Composition ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Resin Acid

scholarly journals Extractives of Stemwood and Sawmill Residues of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) for Biorefining in Four Climatic Regions in Finland—Phenolic and Resin Acid Compounds

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Erkki Verkasalo ◽  
Veikko Möttönen ◽  
Marja Roitto ◽  
Jouko Vepsäläinen ◽  
Anuj Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Northern Regions

This study aimed to identify and quantify phenolic and resin acid extractive compounds in Scots pine stemwood and sawmill residues in four climatic regions of Finland to evaluate their most optimal sources for bio-based chemical biorefining and bioenergy products. The sample consisted of 140 trees from 28 stands, and sawdust lots from 11 log stands. NMR for the overall extractive analysis and HPLC for the quantitative estimation of phenolic and resin acid compounds were employed. Correlation analysis, multivariate factor analysis, principle component analysis and multiple linear regression modelling were applied for statistical analysis. HPLC identified 12 extractive compounds and NMR five more resin acids. Pinosylvin (PS), pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSMME), and partly neolignans/lignans occurred in the largest concentrations. Wood type caused the most variation, heartwood having larger concentrations than sapwood (sawdust between them). Regional differences in the concentrations were smaller, but factor analysis distinguished the northern and the southern regions into their own groups. The results indicated higher concentrations of PS, PSMME, and vanillic acid in southern regions and those of, e.g., PSMME glycoside, lignan 2, and neolignan 1 in northern regions. The rather low concentrations of extractives in stemwood and sawdust imply value-added products, efficient sorting and/or large raw material volumes.

High-pressure freezing and freeze substitution of teliospores of the rust fungus Gymnosporangium clavipes

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 692-693
Author(s):  
Robert W. Roberson
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
High Pressure Freezing ◽  
Thin Walled Structures ◽  
Cytological Changes ◽  
Dextran Solution

The use of cryo-techniques for the preparation of biological specimens in electron microscopy has led to superior preservation of ultrastructural detail. Although these techniques have obvious advantages, a critical limitation is that only 10-40 μm thick cells and tissue layers can be frozen without the formation of distorting ice crystals. However, thicker samples (600 μm) may be frozen well by rapid freezing under high-pressure (2,100 bar). To date, most work using cryo-techniques on fungi have been confined to examining small, thin-walled structures. High-pressure freezing and freeze substitution are used here to analysis pre-germination stages of specialized, sexual spores (teliospores) of the plant pathogenic fungus Gymnosporangium clavipes C & P.Dormant teliospores were incubated in drops of water at room temperature (25°C) to break dormancy and stimulate germination. Spores were collected at approximately 30 min intervals after hydration so that early cytological changes associated with spore germination could be monitored. Prior to high-pressure freezing, the samples were incubated for 5-10 min in a 20% dextran solution for added cryoprotection during freezing. Forty to 50 spores were placed in specimen cups and holders and immediately frozen at high pressure using the Balzers HPM 010 apparatus.

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