Recent insights into the pandemic disease butternut canker caused by the invasive pathogenOphiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Broders ◽  
A. Boraks ◽  
L. Barbison ◽  
J. Brown ◽  
G. J. Boland
Keyword(s):  
Butternut Canker

scholarly journals First Report of Butternut Canker Caused by Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum in New Brunswick, Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1282-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Harrison ◽  
J. E. Hurley ◽  
M. E. Ostry
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Young Branch ◽  
First Time ◽  
Branch Canker ◽  
Butternut Canker

In June 1997, butternut canker was found for the first time in New Brunswick, Canada, at Stickney, Carleton County. A fungal isolate recovered from a young branch canker on butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), cultured on potato dextrose agar, produced spores and cultural morphology as previously described (1). This strain was retained as FSC-758 in the Fredericton Stock Culture Collection at the Atlantic Forestry Centre. The disease was also detected at four other locations in Carleton County along the Saint John River watershed within 20 km of the State of Maine. One stem canker examined at Peel, Carleton County, suggests the disease has been present at this site in New Brunswick for at least 7 years. The butternut tree is at the northeastern edge of its natural range in New Brunswick and, prior to the pathogen's detection, was believed to be far enough from infected butternut in the northeastern United States, Ontario, and Quebec to escape infection. Because planted specimens of butternut exist outside the tree's natural range in New Brunswick and in the neighboring provinces of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, efforts are underway to determine how far the fungus has spread in the Maritime Provinces. Reference: (1) V. M. G. Nair et al. Mycologia 71:641, 1979.

scholarly journals Viability of Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum Conidia on Exoskeletons of Three Coleopteran Species

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 1085-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Stewart ◽  
S. Halik ◽  
D. R. Bergdahl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Vector Potential ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Juglans Cinerea ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Butternut Canker

Butternut canker, caused by Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum, is the primary cause of decline of butternut (Juglans cinerea). Conidia of the fungus have been isolated from several insect species. The vector potential of three species of Coleoptera, Astylopsis macula, Eubulus parochus, and Glischrochilus sanguinolentus, was studied during 2001 and 2002. Beetles were collected, rinsed, and artificially inoculated with conidia. All three species carried viable conidia up to 16 days. The mean number of conidia carried per beetle in 2001 was as follows: 3.21 million at 0 h to 11,371 at 384 h for A. macula; 3.91 million at 0 h to 57 at 384 h for E. parochus; and 355,742 at 0 h to 314 at 384 h for G. sanguinolentus. In 2002, the numbers were: 1.42 million at 0 h to 2,814 at 384 h for A. macula; 1.29 million at 0 h to 85 at 384 h for E. parochus; and 72,342 at 0 h to 0 at 192 h for G. sanguinolentus. Using scanning electron microscopy, conidia were observed on the abdomen, thorax, and legs of artificially inoculated individuals of each species and on the thorax and abdomen of field-collected A. macula and E. parochus. These data suggest that all three species are potential vectors of S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum; however, A. macula and E. parochus may be more effective vectors.

scholarly journals Molecular Diagnostic Assay for Detection of the Butternut Canker Pathogen Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 952-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Broders ◽  
G. J. Boland
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Assay ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Juglans Cinerea ◽  
Canker Pathogen ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic Assay ◽  
Butternut Canker

Butternut canker, caused by the fungal pathogen Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum, is present throughout the range of butternut (Juglans cinerea) and is the primary cause for its decline. A quick and reliable method for identification of S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum would provide a valuable tool for the detection of the pathogen on propagative material to avoid spread, as well as assist studies targeted at the epidemiology of this pathogen, in particular the dissemination of the pathogen by seeds of the butternut. The objective of this study was to develop a diagnostic assay to detect S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum in butternut plant tissue. The primers were developed using an alignment of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences from isolates of S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum and several closely related species. These primers were tested on J. cinerea, 48 isolates of S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum recovered from diseased trees, and 26 species of other fungi recovered from butternut tissue. The primers amplified a product from the DNA of all isolates of S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum, detected its DNA at a concentration as low as 1 pg/μl, and detected the pathogen at a concentration of 1 × 103 spore/ml. The primers developed in this study will be a valuable tool for the detection of S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum present on butternut seeds, and as a rapid diagnostic tool for early detection of the pathogen on butternut trees.

scholarly journals Population structure of the butternut canker fungus, Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum, in North American forests

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 2114-2127 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Broders ◽  
A. Boraks ◽  
A. M. Sanchez ◽  
G. J. Boland
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
North American ◽  
Butternut Canker

scholarly journals Inhibition of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum by Juglans Species Bark Extracts

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Moore ◽  
M. E. Ostry ◽  
A. D. Hegeman ◽  
A. C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Juglans Cinerea ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Butternut Canker

A rapid and reliable technique is needed for identifying butternut trees (Juglans cinerea) with resistance to butternut canker. We investigated the potential of a bark extract bioassay to detect levels of resistance to Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum (Oc-j), the causal agent of butternut canker. Both reagent grade naphthoquinones and crude bark extracts of Juglans species inhibited germination of Oc-j conidia. A disc diffusion bioassay was used to study the level of inhibition by these bark extracts and results indicated extensive variation within and between butternut and other species of Juglans tested. In many months over a 3 year period, bark from butternut trees selected for apparent disease resistance could be distinguished from that of unselected trees. Inhibition of conidia germination roughly correlated to the level of resistance observed in field inoculations of the trees. Quantification of the naphthoquinone compounds juglone and plumbagin in butternut bark was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. While the concentrations of these two compounds varied by month and by individual tree, juglone levels correlated well with the bark extract bioassay in some months. These results suggest that juglone concentration may account in part for the observed range of inhibition observed in the bioassay and variation in canker resistance among selections of butternut field inoculated with Oc-j. The bark extract bioassay described in the following report may have potential use for selecting resistant butternut for conservation and restoration purposes.

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