Long-term fish assemblages respond to habitat and niche breadth in the West Fork White River, Indiana

The Mooresville East 7.5-minute quadrangle is situated near the maximum limit of Wisconsin Episode glacial deposits in northeastern Morgan County. Till and outwash of Wisconsin Episode age and Holocene alluvium are the dominant surficial materials in the quadrangle. Wisconsin Episode eolian sand, loess, and colluvium are also present, with eolian sand and colluvium being adjacent to the West Fork White River valley and loess blanketing Wisconsin Episode till and outwash. Holocene (post-glacial) alluvium is found in the West Fork White River and White Lick Creek valleys and tributaries. Mississippian Borden Group bedrock controls many aspects of the surficial geology of the southeastern sector of the quadrangle. For much of this area, bedrock controls the topography and is less than 20 ft below the ground surface. It is mantled on the summits and shoulders of interfluves mainly by Wisconsin till and minor amounts of sand and gravel (outwash) and eolian sand. The depth to bedrock (Borden Group) is greater along the trend of the modern West Fork White River valley, with depths greater than 100 ft. This bedrock paleovalley is filled with mainly Wisconsin Episode outwash (sand and gravel), and the paleovalley was a major path for meltwater in central Indiana during the Wisconsin Episode, from around 27,000 to 19,000 years ago. The Wisconsin Episode maximum limit lies just outside the quadrangle boundary to the south and east. The Laurentide Ice Sheet reached its maximum limit 24,000 years ago, based on radiocarbon dating of organics within till at the terminal moraine in the adjacent Cope quadrangle. Evidence for a readvance of the ice sheet is found in the Mooresville East quadrangle, which occurred 21,700 years ago; the southern limit of the readvance runs through the central part of the quadrangle, just south of State Highway 144.

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Mafias on the Move

10.23943/princeton/9780691128559.001.0001 ◽

2011 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Federico Varese

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New York ◽

Organized Crime ◽

The United States ◽

The West ◽

Market Expansion ◽

The North ◽

Economic Transformations ◽

At Will

Organized crime is spreading like a global virus as mobs take advantage of open borders to establish local franchises at will. That at least is the fear, inspired by stories of Russian mobsters in New York, Chinese triads in London, and Italian mafias throughout the West. As this book explains, the truth is more complicated. The author has spent years researching mafia groups in Italy, Russia, the United States, and China, and argues that mafiosi often find themselves abroad against their will, rather than through a strategic plan to colonize new territories. Once there, they do not always succeed in establishing themselves. The book spells out the conditions that lead to their long-term success, namely sudden market expansion that is neither exploited by local rivals nor blocked by authorities. Ultimately the inability of the state to govern economic transformations gives mafias their opportunity. In a series of matched comparisons, the book charts the attempts of the Calabrese 'Ndrangheta to move to the north of Italy, and shows how the Sicilian mafia expanded to early twentieth-century New York, but failed around the same time to find a niche in Argentina. The book explains why the Russian mafia failed to penetrate Rome but succeeded in Hungary. A pioneering chapter on China examines the challenges that triads from Taiwan and Hong Kong find in branching out to the mainland. This book is both a compelling read and a sober assessment of the risks posed by globalization and immigration for the spread of mafias.

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Charlemagne’s Health in ‘Old Age’: Did It Affect Carolingian Military Strategy?

Mediaevistik ◽

10.3726/med.2019.01.01 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 11-53

Author(s):

Bernard S. Bachrach

Keyword(s):

Old Age ◽

The Political ◽

Military Strategy ◽

The West ◽

Long Time

During the first thirty-three years of his reign as king of the Franks, i.e., prior to his coronation as emperor on Christmas day 800, Charlemagne, scholars generally agree, pursued a successful long-term offensive and expansionist strategy. This strategy was aimed at conquering large swaths of erstwhile imperial territory in the west and bringing under Carolingian rule a wide variety of peoples, who either themselves or their regional predecessors previously had not been subject to Frankish regnum.1 For a very long time, scholars took the position that Charlemagne continued to pursue this expansionist strategy throughout the imperial years, i.e., from his coronation on Christmas Day 800 until his final illness in later January 814. For example, Louis Halphen observed: “comme empereur, Charles poursuit, sans plus, l’oeuvre entamée avant l’an 800.”2 F. L. Ganshof, who also wrote several studies treating Charlemagne’s army, was in lock step with Halphen and observed: “As emperor, Charlemagne pursued the political and military course he had been following before 25 December 800.”3

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Heatwaves in Kenya 1987–2016: Facts from CHIRTS High Resolution Satellite Remotely Sensed and Station Blended Temperature Dataset

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12010037 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

Martial Amou ◽

Amatus Gyilbag ◽

Tsedale Demelash ◽

Yinlong Xu

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Adaptation Strategies ◽

Reference Period ◽

The West ◽

Tana River ◽

Short Period ◽

The World ◽

Northern Side ◽

Data Source

As global temperatures continue to rise unabated, episodes of heat-related catastrophes across the world have intensified. In Kenya, heatwave phenomena and their associated impacts are ignored and neglected due to several reasons, including unreliable and inconsistent weather datasets and heatwave detection metrics. Based on CHIRTS satellite infrared estimates and station blended temperature, this study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of the heatwave events over Kenya during 1987–2016 using the Heatwave Magnitude Index daily (HWMId). The results showed that contrary to the absence of heatwave records in official national and international disaster database about Kenya, the country experienced heatwaves ranging from less severe (normal) to deadly (super-extreme) between 1987 and 2016. The most affected areas were located in the eastern parts of the country, especially in Garissa and Tana River, and in the west-northern side around the upper side of Turkana county. It was also found that the recent years’ heatwaves were more severe in magnitude, duration, and spatial extent. The highest magnitude of the heatwaves was recorded in 2015 (HWMId = 22.64) while the average over the reference period is around 6. CHIRTS and HWMId were able to reveal and capture most critical heatwave events over the study period. Therefore, they could be used respectively as data source and detection metrics, for heatwaves disaster emergency warning over short period as well as for long-term projection to provide insight for adaptation strategies.

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Productivity of Ospreys, Pandion haliaetus, Affected by Water Levels Near Loon Lake, Saskatchewan, 1975-2002

The Canadian Field-Naturalist ◽

10.22621/cfn.v124i3.1077 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 124 (3) ◽

pp. 219

Author(s):

C. Stuart Houston ◽

Frank Scott ◽

Rob B. Tether

Keyword(s):

Breeding Success ◽

Water Levels ◽

Lake Levels ◽

The West ◽

Canadian Data ◽

Human Use ◽

The Town ◽

Western Half ◽

Eastern Half

Between 1975 and 2002, diminished breeding success of Ospreys was associated with drought and falling lake levels in the western half of our study area near the town of Loon Lake, west-central Saskatchewan. Only 46% of nest attempts were successful in the west compared to 72% in the east, producing 0.88 young per accessible nest in the west and 1.42 in the east. Breeding success was greater in the eastern half, where water levels were stable, in spite of increased human use of the resort lakes there. Our unique long-term Canadian data base results support Ogden's 1977 prediction that Osprey productivity may decrease when water levels drop and fish populations are reduced.

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Mineralogy, paragenesis, and mineral zoning of the West Fork Mine, Virburnum Trend, Southeast Missouri

Economic Geology ◽

10.2113/gsecongeo.87.1.113 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 113-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

John A. Mavrogenes ◽

Richard D. Hagni ◽

Paul R. Dingess

Keyword(s):

The West ◽

West Fork ◽

Southeast Missouri ◽

Mineral Zoning

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