scholarly journals Fitness consequences of artificial diets with different macronutrient composition for the predatory bug Orius majusculus

2020 ◽  
Vol 168 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 492-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Montoro ◽  
Patrick De Clercq ◽  
Johannes Overgaard ◽  
Lene Sigsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diets ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Orius Majusculus

Dealing with hot rocky environments: Critical thermal maxima and locomotor performance in Leptodactylus lithonaetes (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

2019 ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Beltran
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Physiological Limits ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Environmental temperature has fitness consequences on ectotherm development, ecology and behaviour. Amphibians are especially vulnerable because thermoregulation often trades with appropriate water balance. Although substantial research has evaluated the effect of temperature in amphibian locomotion and physiological limits, there is little information about amphibians living under extreme temperature conditions. Leptodactylus lithonaetes is a frog allegedly specialised to forage and breed on dark granitic outcrops and associated puddles, which reach environmental temperatures well above 40 ˚C. Adults can select thermally favourable microhabitats during the day while tadpoles are constrained to rock puddles and associated temperature fluctuations; we thus established microhabitat temperatures and tested whether the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of L. lithonaetes is higher in tadpoles compared to adults. In addition, we evaluated the effect of water temperature on locomotor performance of tadpoles. Contrary to our expectations, puddle temperatures were comparable and even lower than those temperatures measured in the microhabitats used by adults in the daytime. Nonetheless, the CTmax was 42.3 ˚C for tadpoles and 39.7 ˚C for adults. Regarding locomotor performance, maximum speed and maximum distance travelled by tadpoles peaked around 34 ˚C, approximately 1 ˚C below the maximum puddle temperatures registered in the puddles. In conclusion, L. lithonaetes tadpoles have a higher CTmax compared to adults, suggesting a longer exposure to extreme temperatures that lead to maintain their physiological performance at high temperatures. We suggest that these conditions are adaptations to face the strong selection forces driven by this granitic habitat.

An Evolutionary Perspective on Mental Time Travel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Suddendorf
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Time Travel ◽  
Mental Time Travel ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Scenario Building ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Archeological Evidence

This article examines the nature and evolution of mental time travel. Evidence for capacities in other animals is reviewed and evaluated in terms of which components of the human faculty appear to be shared and which are unique. While some nonhuman animals store episodic memory traces and can display a range of future-directed capacities, they do not appear to share the open-ended ability to construct mental scenarios, to embed them into larger narratives, nor to reflect and communicate on what they entail. Nested scenario building and the urge to exchange mental experiences seem to set human minds apart in this context as in many others. The article ends with a discussion of the archeological evidence for mental time travel, focusing on deliberate practice as an example of its tremendous fitness consequences.

scholarly journals Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors as determinants of energy intake and macronutrient composition: a 10-year follow-up after bariatric surgery

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1572-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noora Kanerva ◽  
Ingrid Larsson ◽  
Markku Peltonen ◽  
Anna-Karin Lindroos ◽  
Lena M. Carlsson
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Macronutrient Composition

scholarly journals Mortality of Potato Psyllid (Hemiptera: Triozidae) on Host Clippings Inoculated With Ergot Alkaloids

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 2079-2085
Author(s):  
Navneet Kaur ◽  
W Rodney Cooper ◽  
Jennifer M Duringer ◽  
Arash Rashed ◽  
Ismael E Badillo-Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Morning Glory ◽  
Potato Psyllid ◽  
Bactericera Cockerelli ◽  
Artificial Diets ◽  
Synthetic Compounds ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Ipomoea Tricolor ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Host Tissues

Abstract Our previous study provided correlative evidence that morning glory species harboring endophytic fungi (Periglandula) are resistant to potato psyllid [Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc)], whereas species free of fungi often allowed psyllid development. In this study, we manipulated levels of ergot alkaloids in host tissues by inoculating clippings from potato plants with extracts from morning glories that harbor Periglandula [Ipomoea leptophylla Torrey, Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Grisebach, Ipomoea tricolor Cavanilles, Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. F. Meyer, and Turbina corymbosa (L.)] and one species (Ipomoea alba L.) that does not harbor the endophyte. Ergot alkaloids (clavines, lysergic acid amides, and ergopeptines) were detected in potato clippings, thus confirming that leaves had taken up compounds from solutions of crude extracts. Psyllid mortality rates on inoculated clippings ranged between 53 and 93% in treatments producing biochemically detectable levels of alkaloids, when compared with 15% mortality in water controls or the alkaloid-free I. alba. We then tested synthetic analogs from each of the three alkaloid classes that had been detected in the crude extracts. Each compound was assayed by inoculating clippings of two host species (potato and tomato) at increasing concentrations (0, 1, 10, and 100 µg/ml in solution). Psyllids exhibited a large and significant increase in mortality rate beginning at the lowest two concentrations, indicating that even very small quantities of these chemicals led to mortality. Feeding by nymphs on artificial diets containing synthetic compounds resulted in 100% mortality within 48 h, irrespective of compound. Further testing of ergot alkaloids to characterize the mode of action that leads to psyllid mortality is warranted.

Topical and residual toxicity of six pesticides to Orius majusculus

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatih Dağlı ◽  
Şerife Ünal Bahşi
Keyword(s):  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Orius Majusculus
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