Hessian flyAvirulencegene loss-of-function defeats plant resistance without compromising the larva's ability to induce a gall tissue

M.O. Harris; T.P. Freeman; K.M. Anderson; J.P. Harmon; J.A. Moore; S.A. Payne; O. Rohfritsch; J.J. Stuart

doi:10.1111/eea.12010

A new family of structurally conserved fungal effectors displays epistatic interactions with plant resistance proteins

10.1101/2020.12.17.423041 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

N. Lazar ◽

C. H. Mesarich ◽

Y. Petit-Houdenot ◽

N. Talbi ◽

I. Li de la Sierra-Gallay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crystal Structure ◽

Oilseed Rape ◽

Plant Resistance ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Sequence Similarity ◽

Leptosphaeria Maculans ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Stem Canker ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Structural Analogues

AbstractRecognition of a pathogen avirulence (AVR) effector protein by a cognate plant resistance (R) protein triggers a set of immune responses that render the plant resistant. Pathogens can escape this so-called Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) by different mechanisms including the deletion or loss-of-function mutation of theAVRgene, the incorporation of point mutations that allow recognition to be evaded while maintaining virulence function, and the acquisition of new effectors that suppress AVR recognition. The DothideomyceteLeptosphaeria maculans, causal agent of oilseed rape stem canker, is one of the few fungal pathogens where suppression of ETI by an AVR effector has been demonstrated. Indeed, AvrLm4-7 suppresses the recognition of AvrLm3 and AvrLm5-9 by the R proteins Rlm3 and Rlm9, respectively. The presence ofAvrLm4-7does not impedeAvrLm3andAvrLm5-9expression, and the three AVR proteins do not appear to physically interact. To decipher the epistatic interaction between theseL. maculansAVR effectors, we determined the crystal structure of AvrLm5-9 and obtained a 3D model of AvrLm3, based on the crystal structure of Ecp11-1, a homologous avirulence effector candidate fromFulvia fulva.Despite a lack of sequence similarity, AvrLm5-9 and AvrLm3 are structural analogues of AvrLm4-7 (structure previously characterized). Structure-informed sequence database searches identified a larger number of putative structural analogues amongL. maculanseffector candidates, including the avirulence effector AvrLmS-Lep2, all produced during the early stages of oilseed rape infection, as well as among effector candidates from other phytopathogenic fungi. These structural analogues were called LARS (for Leptosphaeria AviRulence-Suppressing) effectors. Remarkably, transformants ofL. maculansexpressing one of these structural analogues, Ecp11-1, triggered Rlm3-mediated immunity. Furthermore, this recognition could be suppressed by AvrLm4-7. These results suggest that Ecp11-1 has the same function as AvrLm3, or that the Ecp11-1 structure is sufficiently close to that of AvrLm3 to be recognized by Rlm3.

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Adult plant resistance in maize to northern leaf spot is a feature of partial loss-of-function alleles of Hm1

PLoS Pathogens ◽

10.1371/journal.ppat.1007356 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. e1007356 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sandeep R. Marla ◽

Kevin Chu ◽

Satya Chintamanani ◽

Dilbag S. Multani ◽

Antje Klempien ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Resistance ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Adult Plant Resistance ◽

Adult Plant ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Partial Loss

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E3 ubiquitin ligases

Essays in Biochemistry ◽

10.1042/bse0410015 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 15-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 123

Author(s):

Helen C. Ardley ◽

Philip A. Robinson

Keyword(s):

Protein Complexes ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Direct Role ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Substrate Protein ◽

Protein Ubiquitination ◽

C Terminus ◽

Full Complement ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Eukaryotic Organisms

The selectivity of the ubiquitin–26 S proteasome system (UPS) for a particular substrate protein relies on the interaction between a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2, of which a cell contains relatively few) and a ubiquitin–protein ligase (E3, of which there are possibly hundreds). Post-translational modifications of the protein substrate, such as phosphorylation or hydroxylation, are often required prior to its selection. In this way, the precise spatio-temporal targeting and degradation of a given substrate can be achieved. The E3s are a large, diverse group of proteins, characterized by one of several defining motifs. These include a HECT (homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus), RING (really interesting new gene) or U-box (a modified RING motif without the full complement of Zn2+-binding ligands) domain. Whereas HECT E3s have a direct role in catalysis during ubiquitination, RING and U-box E3s facilitate protein ubiquitination. These latter two E3 types act as adaptor-like molecules. They bring an E2 and a substrate into sufficiently close proximity to promote the substrate's ubiquitination. Although many RING-type E3s, such as MDM2 (murine double minute clone 2 oncoprotein) and c-Cbl, can apparently act alone, others are found as components of much larger multi-protein complexes, such as the anaphase-promoting complex. Taken together, these multifaceted properties and interactions enable E3s to provide a powerful, and specific, mechanism for protein clearance within all cells of eukaryotic organisms. The importance of E3s is highlighted by the number of normal cellular processes they regulate, and the number of diseases associated with their loss of function or inappropriate targeting.

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Metallic prions

Biochemical Society Symposium ◽

10.1042/bss0710193 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 71 ◽

pp. 193-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

David R Brown

Keyword(s):

Prion Protein ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Normal Function ◽

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽

Published Data ◽

Normal Brain ◽

Copper Binding ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽

The Brain

Prion diseases, also referred to as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are characterized by the deposition of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein in the brain. However, this aggregated, fibrillar, amyloid protein, termed PrPSc, is an altered conformer of a normal brain glycoprotein, PrPc. Understanding the nature of the normal cellular isoform of the prion protein is considered essential to understanding the conversion process that generates PrPSc. To this end much work has focused on elucidation of the normal function and activity of PrPc. Substantial evidence supports the notion that PrPc is a copper-binding protein. In conversion to the abnormal isoform, this Cu-binding activity is lost. Instead, there are some suggestions that the protein might bind other metals such as Mn or Zn. PrPc functions currently under investigation include the possibility that the protein is involved in signal transduction, cell adhesion, Cu transport and resistance to oxidative stress. Of these possibilities, only a role in Cu transport and its action as an antioxidant take into consideration PrPc's Cu-binding capacity. There are also more published data supporting these two functions. There is strong evidence that during the course of prion disease, there is a loss of function of the prion protein. This manifests as a change in metal balance in the brain and other organs and substantial oxidative damage throughout the brain. Thus prions and metals have become tightly linked in the quest to understand the nature of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

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Errata

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2008.marapr02 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 5-5

Keyword(s):

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Pain Syndrome ◽

Vestibular Disorders ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Sixth Edition ◽

Neurologic Disorders ◽

Upper And Lower Extremities ◽

Impairment Ratings ◽

Extensive List ◽

Mental And Behavioral Disorders

Abstract Although most chapters in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Sixth Edition, instruct evaluators to perform impairment ratings by first assigning a diagnosis-based class and then assigning a grade within that class, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, continues to use a methodology similar to that of the fifth edition. The latter was criticized for duplicating materials that were presented in other chapters and for producing different ratings, so the revision of Chapter 13 attempts to maintain consistency between this chapter and those that address mental and behavioral disorders, loss of function in upper and lower extremities, loss of bowel control, and bladder and sexual function. A table titled Summary of Chapters Used to Rate Various Neurologic Disorders directs physicians to the relevant chapters (ie, instead of Chapter 13) to consult in rating neurologic disorders; the extensive list of conditions that should be addressed in other chapters includes but is not limited to radiculopathy, plexus injuries and other plexopathies, focal neuropathy, complex regional pain syndrome, visual and vestibular disorders, and a range of primary mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders. The article comments in detail on sections of this chapter, identifies changes in the sixth edition, and provide guidance regarding use of the new edition, resulting in less duplication and greater consistency.

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Impairment Tutorial: Rating Facial Disfigurement After an Injury

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1998.julaug04 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 6-6

Author(s):

Marc T. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Current Work ◽

Workers Compensation ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Facial Disfigurement ◽

Work Related ◽

Work Related Injury ◽

Compensation Claim ◽

Impairment Ratings

Abstract This article discusses two important cases that involve the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides). First, in Vargas v Industrial Com’n of Arizona, a claimant had a pre-existing non–work-related injury to his right knee as well as a work-related injury, and the issue was apportionment of the pre-existing injury. The court held that, under Arizona's statute, the impairment from the pre-existing injury should be subtracted from the current work-related impairment. In the second case, Colorado courts addressed the issue of apportionment in a workers’ compensation claim in which the pre-existing injury was asymptomatic at the time of the work-related injury (Askey v Industrial Claim Appeals Office). In this case, the court held that the worker's benefits should not be reduced to account for an asymptomatic pre-existing condition that could not be rated accurately using the AMA Guides. The AMA Guides bases impairment ratings on anatomic or physiologic loss of function, and if an examinee presents with two or more sequential injuries and calculable impairments, the AMA Guides can be used to apportion between pre-existing and subsequent impairments. Courts often use the AMA Guides to decide statutorily determined benefits and are subject to interpretation by courts and administrative bodies whose interpretations may vary from state to state.

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Impairment Rating and Spinal Cord Injuries: Revisiting the Guides

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2010.mayjun01 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Richard T. Katz

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injuries ◽

Functional Independence ◽

Outcome Data ◽

Multiple Organ ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Sixth Edition ◽

Organ Systems ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Impairment Ratings

Abstract This article addresses some criticisms of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) by comparing previously published outcome data from a group of complete spinal cord injury (SCI) persons with impairment ratings for a corresponding level of injury calculated using the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition. Results of the comparison show that impairment ratings using the sixth edition scale poorly with the level of impairments of activities of daily living (ADL) in SCI patients as assessed by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor scale and the extended FIM motor scale. Because of the combinations of multiple impairments, the AMA Guides potentially overrates the impairment of paraplegics compared with that of quadriplegics. The use and applicability of the Combined Values formula should be further investigated, and complete loss of function of two upper extremities seems consistent with levels of quadriplegia using the SCI model. Some aspects of the AMA Guides contain inconsistencies. The concept of diminishing impairment values is not easily translated between specific losses of function per organ system and “overall” loss of ADLs involving multiple organ systems, and the notion of “catastrophic thresholds” involving multiple organ systems may support the understanding that variations in rating may exist in higher rating cases such as those that involve an SCI.

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Letter to the Editor: The Continuing Challenge of Evaluating RSD Impairment and Disability

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1998.sepoct05 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 8-10

Author(s):

Robert L. Knobler ◽

Charles N. Brooks ◽

Leon H. Ensalada ◽

James B. Talmage ◽

Christopher R. Brigham

Keyword(s):

Disability Evaluation ◽

Body Part ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Regulatory Requirements ◽

Major Cardiac Event ◽

Clinical Scenarios ◽

Impairment Score ◽

Occupational Activities ◽

The Difference

Abstract The author of the two-part article about evaluating reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) responds to criticisms that a percentage impairment score may not adequately reflect the disability of an individual with RSD. The author highlights the importance of recognizing the difference between impairment and disability in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides): impairment is the loss, loss of use, or derangement of any body part, system, or function; disability is a decrease in or the loss or absence of the capacity to meet personal, social, or occupational demands or to meet statutory or regulatory requirements because of an impairment. The disparity between impairment and disability can be encountered in diverse clinical scenarios. For example, a person's ability to resume occupational activities following a major cardiac event depends on medical, social, and psychological factors, but nonmedical factors appear to present the greatest impediment and many persons do not resume work despite significant improvements in functional capacity. A key requirement according to the AMA Guides is objective documentation, and the author agrees that when physicians consider the disability evaluation of people, more issues than those relating to the percentage loss of function should be considered. More study of the relationships among impairment, disability, and quality of life in patients with RSD are required.

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