scholarly journals The evolution of the vertebrate cerebellum: absence of a proliferative external granule layer in a non‐teleost ray‐finned fish

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Butts ◽  
Melinda S. Modrell ◽  
Clare V.H. Baker ◽  
Richard J.T. Wingate
Keyword(s):  
External Granule Layer

scholarly journals Asymmetric cell division of granule neuron progenitors in the external granule layer of the mouse cerebellum

Biology Open ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 865-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Haldipur ◽  
I. Sivaprakasam ◽  
V. Periasamy ◽  
S. Govindan ◽  
S. Mani
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Granule Neuron ◽  
Mouse Cerebellum ◽  
External Granule Layer

scholarly journals Plexin-B2 controls the timing of differentiation and the motility of cerebellar granule neurons

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eljo Van Battum ◽  
Celine Heitz-Marchaland ◽  
Yvrick Zagar ◽  
Stéphane Fouquet ◽  
Rohini Kuner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Cerebellar Granule Neurons ◽  
Granule Neurons ◽  
Cerebellar Granule ◽  
External Granule Layer ◽  
Purkinje Cell Dendrites

Plexin-B2 deletion leads to aberrant lamination of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and Purkinje cells. Although in the cerebellum Plexin-B2 is only expressed by proliferating CGN precursors in the outer external granule layer (oEGL), its function in CGN development is still elusive. Here, we used 3D imaging, in vivo electroporation and live-imaging techniques to study CGN development in novel cerebellum-specific Plxnb2 conditional knockout mice. We show that proliferating CGNs in Plxnb2 mutants not only escape the oEGL and mix with newborn postmitotic CGNs. Furthermore, motility of mitotic precursors and early postmitotic CGNs is altered. Together, this leads to the formation of ectopic patches of CGNs at the cerebellar surface and an intermingling of normally time-stamped parallel fibers in the molecular layer (ML), and aberrant arborization of Purkinje cell dendrites. There results suggest that Plexin-B2 restricts CGN motility and might have a function in cytokinesis.

scholarly journals BMP signalling facilitates transit amplification in the developing cerebellum

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Rook ◽  
P Haldipur ◽  
K Millen ◽  
RJ Wingate ◽  
T Butts
Keyword(s):  
Cerebellar Development ◽  
Cerebellar Granule Neurons ◽  
Granule Neurons ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Cerebellar Granule ◽  
Granule Neuron ◽  
External Granule Layer ◽  
Bmp Signalling ◽  
Developing Cerebellum

ABSTRACTThe external granule layer (EGL) is a transient proliferative layer that gives rise to cerebellar granule neurons and drives the foliation of amniote cerebella. The formation of and differentiation from the EGL is incompletely understood, though BMP signalling has been implicated. Here, we characterise active BMP signalling during cerebellar development in chick and human and show that while in chick BMP signalling correlates with EGL formation, humans maintain BMP signalling throughout the EGL after the onset of foliation. Using in ovo electroporation in chick, we show that BMP signalling is necessary for EGL formation, but not for granule neuron fate. Our data are also consistent with a second role for BMP signalling in driving differentiation of granule progenitors in the EGL. These results elucidate two key, temporally distinct roles for BMP signalling in organising first the assembly of the EGL and then the tempo of granule neuron production within it.

scholarly journals DS-01 * GLUCOCORTICOIDS POTENTLY INDUCE APOPTOSIS IN THE CEREBELLAR EXTERNAL GRANULE LAYER: IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDULLOBLASTOMA TREATMENT

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (suppl 5) ◽  
pp. v65-v65
Author(s):  
O. Cabrera ◽  
B. Swiney ◽  
J. Smith ◽  
N. Farber ◽  
K. Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
External Granule Layer

scholarly journals Abnormal Expression of REST/NRSF and Myc in Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Causes Cerebellar Tumors by Blocking Neuronal Differentiation

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1666-1678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Su ◽  
Vidya Gopalakrishnan ◽  
Duncan Stearns ◽  
Kenneth Aldape ◽  
Fredrick F. Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Neuronal Differentiation ◽  
Transcriptional Repressor ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Abnormal Expression ◽  
Neural Stem Progenitor Cells ◽  
External Granule Layer ◽  
Human Medulloblastoma

ABSTRACT Medulloblastoma, one of the most malignant brain tumors in children, is thought to arise from undifferentiated neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) present in the external granule layer of the cerebellum. However, the mechanism of tumorigenesis remains unknown for the majority of medulloblastomas. In this study, we found that many human medulloblastomas express significantly elevated levels of both myc oncogenes, regulators of neural progenitor proliferation, and REST/NRSF, a transcriptional repressor of neuronal differentiation genes. Previous studies have shown that neither c-Myc nor REST/NRSF alone could cause tumor formation. To determine whether c-Myc and REST/NRSF act together to cause medulloblastomas, we used a previously established cell line derived from external granule layer stem cells transduced with activated c-myc (NSC-M). These immortalized NSCs were able to differentiate into neurons in vitro. In contrast, when the cells were engineered to express a doxycycline-regulated REST/NRSF transgene (NSC-M-R), they no longer underwent terminal neuronal differentiation in vitro. When injected into intracranial locations in mice, the NSC-M cells did not form tumors either in the cerebellum or in the cerebral cortex. In contrast, the NSC-M-R cells did produce tumors in the cerebellum, the site of human medulloblastoma formation, but not when injected into the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, the NSC-M-R tumors were blocked from terminal neuronal differentiation. In addition, countering REST/NRSF function blocked the tumorigenic potential of NSC-M-R cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which abnormal expression of a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcriptional repressor has been shown to contribute directly to brain tumor formation. Our findings indicate that abnormal expression of REST/NRSF and Myc in NSCs causes cerebellum-specific tumors by blocking neuronal differentiation and thus maintaining the “stemness” of these cells. Furthermore, these results suggest that such a mechanism plays a role in the formation of human medulloblastoma.

scholarly journals DS-03 * SONIC HEDGEHOG ANTAGONISTS POTENTLY INDUCE APOPTOSIS IN THE CEREBELLAR EXTERNAL GRANULE LAYER: IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDULLOBLASTOMA TREATMENT

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (suppl 5) ◽  
pp. v65-v65
Author(s):  
K. Noguchi ◽  
O. Cabrera ◽  
B. Swiney ◽  
J. Smith ◽  
N. Farber
Keyword(s):  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
External Granule Layer
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document