scholarly journals On the Determinants of Slum Formation

2019 ◽  
Vol 129 (621) ◽  
pp. 1971-1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Cavalcanti ◽  
Daniel Da Mata ◽  
Marcelo Santos
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Housing Choice ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Slum Formation

Abstract We construct a simple model of a city with heterogeneous agents and housing choice to explain the determinants of slums, home to about one-third of the urban population in developing countries. The model supports the main empirical evidence regarding slum formation and is able quantitatively to assess the role of each determinant of slum growth. We show that urban poverty, inequality and rural–urban migration explain much of the variation in slum growth in Brazil from 1980 to 2000. Ex ante evaluation of the impacts of policy interventions shows that removing barriers to formalisation has a strong impact on slum reduction.

scholarly journals Difficulties of Soviet Urbanization and Construction of the “Socialist City” in the Multicultural Periphery: Kazan in the 1920s

2021 ◽  
Vol 163 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-240
Author(s):  
T.M. Bohn ◽  
◽  
S.Yu. Malysheva ◽  
A.A. Salnikova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Urban Culture ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Soviet Policy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Positive Discrimination ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
City Construction

Based on the example of Kazan in the 1920s, the difficulties and problems of implementing the Soviet policy of urbanization and “socialist city” construction in cities with a nationally and religiously heterogeneous population are shown. This policy and the related processes of rural-urban migration, “indigenization”, “apartment redistribution”, and development of the urban outskirts at the expense of the former “bourgeois” center destroyed, deliberately and purposefully, the urban culture that had previously prevailed here and changed the social and national composition of the urban population. Therefore, they can be regarded as the tools of “positive discrimination”. The “positive discrimination” of the formerly dominant urban Russian culture in favor of the developing Tatar culture, mostly in its rural variant, manifested itself very clearly in education, namely in the content and design of the Soviet Tatar alphabet (alifba). However, the practice of granting preferences to the previously discriminated strata turned out to be short-term, tooled for the tasks of immediate strengthening of the social base of the Soviet power, and designed to destroy the former society and culture. These practices of dealing with multiculturalism became less popular by the late 1920s–early 1930s, as the Bolshevik power stabilized and “state-oriented” and unifying tendencies in the power policy increased.

Poverty on the Farm

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Huffman
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Mutual Support ◽  
Village Life ◽  
The Village

Comparison is theme of this chapter, which looks at rural poverty as a way of understanding what was universal and what unique about urban poverty. After a look at the nature-and season-dominated village setting, the work examines daily life: hard work in the rice fields, raising silkworms, the role of women in both fields and homes. A special theme is the importance community played, in setting rules, providing mutual support, and giving children a more productive place than they enjoyed in the hinminkutsu. The pursuit of pleasure also is seen as important in village life: in baths, in relatively open sexuality, and in the constant festivals. A summary shows that villages, the source of most of the urban migration, were at least as poor as city slums but that the rural poverty’s effect was softened by the natural setting and the village sense of community.

scholarly journals Urban-Rural Gaps in the Developing World: Does Internal Migration Offer Opportunities?

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lagakos
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Land Markets ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Future Work

This article provides an overview of the growing literature on urban-rural gaps in the developing world. I begin with recent evidence on the size of the gaps as measured by consumption, income, and wages, and argue that the gaps are real rather than just nominal. I then discuss the role of sorting more able workers into urban areas and review an array of recent evidence on outcomes from rural-urban migration. Overall, migrants do experience substantial gains on average, though smaller than suggested by the cross-sectional gaps. I conclude that future work should help further explore the frictions—in particular, information, financial, and in land markets—that hold back rural-urban migration and may help explain the persistence of urban-rural gaps.

scholarly journals Informality, Growth, and Development in Africa

2014 ◽  
pp. 619-636
Author(s):  
Ahmadou Aly Mbaye ◽  
Nancy Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Earnings Differentials ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

This chapter begins with an overview of the major approaches and potential limitations of defining the informal sector, followed by an analysis of its size, structure, and institutional context. It then considers the taxation of informal firms and notes the pervasiveness of tax evasion in the informal sector, along with state failures and informal employment, earnings differentials between formal and informal actors, and the role of rural–urban migration in the rise of informal labor force in developing countries. The chapter explores why informality is so pervasive in Africa; why informal firms are less productive than their formal counterparts; whether it is best for development to proceed in order to get informal firms to register and pay formal taxes; and how to help informal firms and those employed in the informal sector. Finally, it discusses a good approach to development that takes into account the existence of the informal sector.

Migration in India: A Review

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
The Past ◽  
Demographic Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Migration in India has received increased scholarly attention in the past forty years, assisted by additional categories of data collected through the National Census. Considering the volume of both internal and international migration, the Indian population is relatively immobile. Most movements occur locally; 60 percent of internal migration is rural-rural on an intra-district level, consisting primarily of women moving with their husbands after marriage. Next in importance is the rural-urban migration of males seeking economic gain. The few studies done on migrants' characteristics show migration to be highly selective of age, sex, marital status, education, occupation and caste. The specific role of poverty in causing migration is still under debate. Key areas for further research include a greater focus on immobility; the social and demographic consequences of migration on sending and receiving communities; and the social, economic and demographic behavior of the migrants.

scholarly journals The Role of Institutions in Rural-Urban Migration and Urban Unemployment in LDCs: With and Without Changing Level of Indebtedness of the Peasantry

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamal Datta Chaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Pull Factors ◽  
Existence Of Equilibrium ◽  
Urban Unemployment ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

This paper attempts to formalise and integrate the roles of "rural push" and "urban pull" factors in rural-urban migration and urban unemployment. Perpetual indebtedness of the peasantry and a monopolistic moneylender, combined with the Harris-Todaro framework, constitute the model. Analysis reveal that such measures might fall short of their goal since the moneylender syphon off part of the benefits that are supposed to accrue to the workers. Possibilities of non-existence of equilibrium and multiple equilibria are pointed out in this model.

Housing Conditions in Pakistan: 1960-80

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-246
Author(s):  
M. Javed Akbar Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Bench Mark ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Housing Shortage ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Housing Materials ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

The paper sets out to examine the housing conditions, both quantitative and qualitative vis-a-vis population growth, particularly with reference to such factors as rural-urban migration, escalating prices of housing materials and the role of government agencies dealing in loans and plots distribution during the last two decades. Subsequently, the housing shortage is estimated by taking the habitation density level of 1960 as a bench mark. While analysing the quality of housing, composition of housing by the type of construction and various housing facilities available in them is considered.

Women in Soviet Rural Management

Slavic Review ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Absolute Size ◽  
East European ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Feminization Of Agriculture

If one examines the role of women in rural areas in different countries of the world, varying styles or patterns of development can be observed. A particular style found in socialist countries has been described as the “feminization of agriculture.” This pattern, prevalent in East European countries and especially in the Soviet Union, is largely a function of rapid industrialization and the demographic changes necessary to support development. In the Soviet case, for example, the absolute size of the rural population has been declining mainly because of rural-urban migration. Furthermore, this migration has been dominated by youth, a trend which, in combination with losses of males from the war years, has resulted in a rural population whose average age and proportion of women is rising.

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