scholarly journals Size matters in quantitative radar monitoring of animal migration: estimating monitored volume from wingbeat frequency

Ecography ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 931-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baptiste Schmid ◽  
Serge Zaugg ◽  
Stephen C. Votier ◽  
Jason W. Chapman ◽  
Mathieu Boos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wingbeat Frequency ◽  
Animal Migration ◽  
Radar Monitoring

Structure and behavior of white pelican formation flocks

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1388-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brian E. O'Malley ◽  
Roger M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Formation Flight ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Wingbeat Frequency ◽  
Percent Time ◽  
Column Formation ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Behavior

Observations of white pelicans commuting between nesting colonies and foraging areas revealed transitions from small, simple linear flock formations to larger, more complex vee and jay formations during departures, and the reverse during the return approach. Large, less-organized types of formations were relatively uncommon and short lived.Formation angles measured for filmed flocks ranged from 24° to 122° and were highly correlated with mean relative interbird distances within flocks. The number of wingbeats per hour, calculated from wingbeat frequency (beats per minute) and percent time flapping, was lowest in vee formation, progressively greater in jay, echelon, and column formation, and greatest for single birds. Wingbeats per hour decreased behind the lead bird, which usually had the highest rate, within each type of formation.Shifts between flapping and gliding were usually initiated by lead birds. Response times for these shifts were negatively related to flock size, and were shorter in vee and jay formations than in column and echelon formations.Our data suggests formation flight provides both aerodynamic–energetic and communication advantages over solitary flight.

scholarly journals Wearable Vibration Sensor for Measuring the Wing Flapping of Insects

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Ryota Yanagisawa ◽  
Shunsuke Shigaki ◽  
Kotaro Yasui ◽  
Dai Owaki ◽  
Yasuhiro Sugimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vibration Sensor ◽  
Wingbeat Frequency ◽  
Film Sensor ◽  
Insect Wing

In this study, we fabricated a novel wearable vibration sensor for insects and measured their wing flapping. An analysis of insect wing deformation in relation to changes in the environment plays an important role in understanding the underlying mechanism enabling insects to dynamically interact with their surrounding environment. It is common to use a high-speed camera to measure the wing flapping; however, it is difficult to analyze the feedback mechanism caused by the environmental changes caused by the flapping because this method applies an indirect measurement. Therefore, we propose the fabrication of a novel film sensor that is capable of measuring the changes in the wingbeat frequency of an insect. This novel sensor is composed of flat silver particles admixed with a silicone polymer, which changes the value of the resistor when a bending deformation occurs. As a result of attaching this sensor to the wings of a moth and a dragonfly and measuring the flapping of the wings, we were able to measure the frequency of the flapping with high accuracy. In addition, as a result of simultaneously measuring the relationship between the behavior of a moth during its search for an odor source and its wing flapping, it became clear that the frequency of the flapping changed depending on the frequency of the odor reception. From this result, a wearable film sensor for an insect that can measure the displacement of the body during a particular behavior was fabricated.

Animal migration, orientation and navigation

1982 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
K. Schmidt-Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Animal Migration

scholarly journals Flightin maintains myofilament lattice organization required for optimal flight power and courtship song quality in Drosophila

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1854) ◽  
pp. 20170431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samya Chakravorty ◽  
Bertrand C. W. Tanner ◽  
Veronica Lee Foelber ◽  
Hien Vu ◽  
Matthew Rosenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Courtship Song ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Male Reproductive Success ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Wingbeat Frequency ◽  
Terminal Domain ◽  
Flight Muscles

The indirect flight muscles (IFMs) of Drosophila and other insects with asynchronous flight muscles are characterized by a crystalline myofilament lattice structure. The high-order lattice regularity is considered an adaptation for enhanced power output, but supporting evidence for this claim is lacking. We show that IFMs from transgenic flies expressing flightin with a deletion of its poorly conserved N-terminal domain ( fln ΔN62 ) have reduced inter-thick filament spacing and a less regular lattice. This resulted in a decrease in flight ability by 33% and in skinned fibre oscillatory power output by 57%, but had no effect on wingbeat frequency or frequency of maximum power output, suggesting that the underlying actomyosin kinetics is not affected and that the flight impairment arises from deficits in force transmission. Moreover, we show that fln ΔN62 males produced an abnormal courtship song characterized by a higher sine song frequency and a pulse song with longer pulses and longer inter-pulse intervals (IPIs), the latter implicated in male reproductive success. When presented with a choice, wild-type females chose control males over mutant males in 92% of the competition events. These results demonstrate that flightin N-terminal domain is required for optimal myofilament lattice regularity and IFM activity, enabling powered flight and courtship song production. As the courtship song is subject to female choice, we propose that the low amino acid sequence conservation of the N-terminal domain reflects its role in fine-tuning species-specific courtship songs.

Energetic and biomechanical constraints on animal migration distance

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Hein ◽  
Chen Hou ◽  
James F. Gillooly
Keyword(s):  
Migration Distance ◽  
Animal Migration ◽  
Biomechanical Constraints

scholarly journals Hovering performance of Anna's hummingbirds ( Calypte anna ) in ground effect

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (98) ◽  
pp. 20140505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica J. Kim ◽  
Marta Wolf ◽  
Victor Manuel Ortega-Jimenez ◽  
Stanley H. Cheng ◽  
Robert Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Wing Length ◽  
Ground Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plane Angle ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Wingbeat Frequency ◽  
Body Angle ◽  
Induced Flow ◽  
Induced Velocity ◽  
Calypte Anna

Aerodynamic performance and energetic savings for flight in ground effect are theoretically maximized during hovering, but have never been directly measured for flying animals. We evaluated flight kinematics, metabolic rates and induced flow velocities for Anna's hummingbirds hovering at heights (relative to wing length R = 5.5 cm) of 0.7 R , 0.9 R , 1.1 R , 1.7 R , 2.2 R and 8 R above a solid surface. Flight at heights less than or equal to 1.1 R resulted in significant reductions in the body angle, tail angle, anatomical stroke plane angle, wake-induced velocity, and mechanical and metabolic power expenditures when compared with flight at the control height of 8 R . By contrast, stroke plane angle relative to horizontal, wingbeat amplitude and wingbeat frequency were unexpectedly independent of height from ground. Qualitative smoke visualizations suggest that each wing generates a vortex ring during both down- and upstroke. These rings expand upon reaching the ground and present a complex turbulent interaction below the bird's body. Nonetheless, hovering near surfaces results in substantial energetic benefits for hummingbirds, and by inference for all volant taxa that either feed at flowers or otherwise fly close to plant or other surfaces.

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