A Soft OR Approach to Fostering Systems Thinking: SODA Maps Plus Joint Analytical Process

Shouhong Wang; Hai Wang

doi:10.1111/dsji.12103

A Soft OR Approach to Fostering Systems Thinking: SODA Maps Plus Joint Analytical Process

Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education ◽

10.1111/dsji.12103 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 337-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shouhong Wang ◽

Hai Wang

Keyword(s):

Systems Thinking ◽

Soft Or ◽

Analytical Process

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System dynamics, systems thinking, and soft OR

System Dynamics Review ◽

10.1002/sdr.4260100211 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 10 (2-3) ◽

pp. 245-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 374

Author(s):

Jay W. Forrester

Keyword(s):

System Dynamics ◽

Systems Thinking ◽

Soft Or

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Cryogenic atomic force microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100084570 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 54-55

Author(s):

K. A. Fisher ◽

M. G. L. Gustafsson ◽

M. B. Shattuck ◽

J. Clarke

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Rapid Freezing ◽

Cryogenic Temperatures ◽

Soft Or ◽

Electrically Conductive ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Flexible Molecules ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Chemical Perturbation

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is capable of imaging electrically conductive and non-conductive surfaces at atomic resolution. When used to image biological samples, however, lateral resolution is often limited to nanometer levels, due primarily to AFM tip/sample interactions. Several approaches to immobilize and stabilize soft or flexible molecules for AFM have been examined, notably, tethering coating, and freezing. Although each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, rapid freezing techniques have the special advantage of avoiding chemical perturbation, and minimizing physical disruption of the sample. Scanning with an AFM at cryogenic temperatures has the potential to image frozen biomolecules at high resolution. We have constructed a force microscope capable of operating immersed in liquid n-pentane and have tested its performance at room temperature with carbon and metal-coated samples, and at 143° K with uncoated ferritin and purple membrane (PM).

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