HIV infection and anaemia do not affect HbA 1c for the detection of diabetes in black South Africans ‐ evidence from the Durban Diabetes Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Hird ◽  
Uttara Partap ◽  
Pravi Moodley ◽  
Fraser J. Pirie ◽  
Tonya M. Esterhuizen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Black South Africans

scholarly journals Benign ethnic neutropenia in a South African population, and its association with HIV acquisition and adverse event reporting in an HIV vaccine clinical trial

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0241708
Author(s):  
Rephaim Mpofu ◽  
Kennedy Otwombe ◽  
Koleka Mlisana ◽  
Maphoshane Nchabeleng ◽  
Mary Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Event ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
South African ◽  
Adverse Event Reporting ◽  
Hiv Vaccine ◽  
Event Reporting ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Black South Africans ◽  
Hiv Acquisition

Benign ethnic neutropenia (BEN) is defined as a neutrophil count of <1.5×109 cells/L in healthy individuals and is more common in populations of certain ethnicities, e.g. African or Middle Eastern ethnicity. Neutrophil values are commonly included in eligibility criteria for research participation, but little is known about the relationship between BEN, HIV acquisition, and the occurrence of adverse events during clinical trials. We investigated these relationships using data from an HIV vaccine efficacy trial of healthy adults from 5 South African sites. We analysed data from the double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial HVTN 503, and its follow-on study HVTN 503-S to assess the prevalence of BEN, its association with HIV infection, and adverse event reporting. These data were then compared with a time- and age-matched, non-pregnant cohort from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2007–2008 in the United States (US). The 739 South African participants had a median age of 22.0 years (interquartile range = 20–26) and 56% (n = 412) were male. Amongst the US cohort of 845 participants, the median age was 26 (IQR: 21–30) and the majority (54%, 457/745) were also male. BEN was present at enrolment in 7.0% (n = 52) of South African participants (6% in the placebo group versus 8% in the vaccine group); 81% (n = 42) of those with BEN were male. Pretoria North had the highest prevalence of BEN (11.6%, 5/43), while Cape Town had the lowest (0.7%, 1/152). Participants with BEN had a lower median neutrophil count (1.3 vs. 3.2x109 cells/L; p<0.001) and BMI (20.8 vs. 22.3 kg/m2; p<0.001) when compared to those without BEN. A greater proportion of Black South Africans had neutrophil counts <1.5×109 cells/L compared to US non-Hispanic Whites from the NHANES cohort (7% [52/739] vs. 0.6% [3/540]; p<0.001). BEN did not increase the odds for HIV infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.364, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.625–2.976; p = 0.4351). However, female gender (aOR: 1.947, 95% CI: 1.265–2.996; p = 0.0025) and cannabis use (aOR: 2.192, 95% CI: 1.126–4.266; p = 0.0209) increased the odds of HIV acquisition. The incidence rates of adverse events were similar between participants in the placebo group with BEN, and those without: 12.1 (95% CI: 7.3–20.1) vs. 16.5 (95% CI: 14.6–18.7; p = 0.06) events per 100 person-years (py) were noted in the infections and infestations system organ class, respectively. The vaccine group had an event incidence rate of 19.7 (95% CI: 13.3–29.2) vs. 14.8 (95% CI: 13.0–16.8; p = 0.07) events per 100py in the group with, and without BEN, respectively. BEN is more prevalent in Black South Africans compared to US Non-Hispanic Whites. Our data do not support excluding populations from HIV vaccine trials because of BEN. BEN was not associated with increased risk for HIV infection or Adverse events on a vaccine trial. Predictors of HIV infection risk were females and cannabis use, underlying the continued importance of prevention programmes in focusing on these populations.

scholarly journals HIV infection and cardiovascular risk in black South Africans

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M.T Fourie ◽  
Adeseye A. Akintunde ◽  
Akinwusi ◽  
O. Patience ◽  
George O. Opadijo
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Black South Africans

scholarly journals HIV infection, seasonality and younger age predicting incident Bell’s palsy among black South Africans

BMC Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dali Magazi ◽  
Benjamin Longombenza ◽  
Siyazi Mda ◽  
Kees Van der Meyden ◽  
Marcus Motshwane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Bell’S Palsy ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Bell's Palsy ◽  
Hiv Seropositivity ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Black South Africans

Abstract Background Although South Africa (SA) is facing a high prevalence of HIV infection, there is no literature from this region on a link between Bell’s palsy and HIV. The aim of this study was to identify the occurrence of Bell’s palsy in relation to demographics, seasons and HIV status among black South Africans. Methods This retrospective cohort was conducted among adult black patients, without Bell’s palsy in 2003, presenting to the neurology outpatients department at Dr. George Mukhari Academic hospital, Pretoria, South Africa, between 2004 (study baseline) and 2012 (end test). Gender, age, HIV status, and seasons were potential predictors of Bell’s palsy using Cox regression model and Kaplan Meier curves. Results From the baseline of 1487 patients, 20.9% (n = 311) experienced Bell’s palsy onset by the end of the study. In univariate analysis, male gender (RR = 2.1 95% CI 1.7–2.5; P <  0.0001), age less than 30 years (RR = 2.9 95% CI 2.4–3.6; P <  0.0001), HIV seropositivity (RR =2.9 95% CI 2.3–4.9; P < 0.0001). The highest incidence in winter (30.3% n = 136/450) vs. incidences during other seasons with Intermediate values during Summer (25.3% n = 136/450) and Autumn (20.7% n = 64/308) and the lowest incidence in Spring (23.7% n = 16/353) P < 0.0001) were predictors of Bell’s palsy. In multivariate analysis at adjusting for gender, the most significant and independent predictors of incident Bell’s palsy were HIV seropositivity (HR = 6.3 95% CI 4.8–8.3; P < 0.0001), winter (HR = 1.6 95% CI 1.2–2.1; P < 0.0001) vs. other seasons, and younger age < 30 years (HR = 7.1 95% CI 5.6–9.1; P < 0.0001) vs. older age groups. Conclusion Seasonality, younger age and HIV positivity are important and independent risk factors of Bell’s palsy. Education and awareness programs on the possible effects of HIV and seasons on the development of Bell’s palsy are necessary. This would lead to a better understanding and even a possible development of avoidance measures for this condition amongst young black South Africans.

Suicidal Behavior in Black South Africans

Crisis ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourens Schlebusch ◽  
Naseema B.M. Vawda ◽  
Brenda A. Bosch
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
South African Society ◽  
South Africans ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Black South Africans ◽  
To Come

Summary: In the past suicidal behavior among Black South Africans has been largely underresearched. Earlier studies among the other main ethnic groups in the country showed suicidal behavior in those groups to be a serious problem. This article briefly reviews some of the more recent research on suicidal behavior in Black South Africans. The results indicate an apparent increase in suicidal behavior in this group. Several explanations are offered for the change in suicidal behavior in the reported clinical populations. This includes past difficulties for all South Africans to access health care facilities in the Apartheid (legal racial separation) era, and present difficulties of post-Apartheid transformation the South African society is undergoing, as the people struggle to come to terms with the deleterious effects of the former South African racial policies, related socio-cultural, socio-economic, and other pressures.

Associations of glycated albumin and fructosamine with glycaemic status in urban black South Africans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasheeta Peer ◽  
Jaya George ◽  
Carl Lombard ◽  
Naomi Levitt ◽  
Andre-Pascal Kengne
Keyword(s):  
Glycated Albumin ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Black South Africans

scholarly journals SAT0585 GEO-EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AUTOANTIBODIES IN RA: DIFFERENT PREVALENCES IN FOUR ETHNICALLY DIVERSE RA POPULATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1251.1-1252
Author(s):  
E. C. De Moel ◽  
V. Derksen ◽  
L. A. Trouw ◽  
C. Terao ◽  
M. Tikly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Research Support ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Autoantibody Response ◽  
Black South Africans ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
First Nations People ◽  
Citrullinated Protein

Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been described in virtually every ethnic population. Most RA patients harbor anti-modified protein antibodies (AMPAs), including anti-citrullinated protein (ACPA), anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP), anti-malondialdehyde acetaldehyde (anti-MAA), and anti-acetylated protein antibodies (AAPA). However, it is unclear whether differences exist in the AMPA response between different ethnic groups. Such differences could provide new clues to genetic and environmental factors contributing to autoantibody development.Objectives:To investigate the prevalence of different AMPA in four ethnically diverse RA populations, and their association with smoking.Methods:Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure anti-CarP IgG, anti-MAA IgG (both in-house), and anti-acetylated vimentin IgG (Orgentec) in ACPA-positive sera of Dutch (NL, n=103), Japanese (JP, n=174), Canadian First Nations People (FN, n=100), and black South Africans (SA, n=67) fulfilling the 1987 ACR classification criteria for RA. Ethnicity-matched local healthy controls were used to calculate cohort-specific cut-offs. Logistic regression was used to identify whether ever-smoking was associated with AMPA seropositivity in each cohort, corrected for age, gender, and disease duration. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the resulting odds ratios (OR).Results:For all three AMPAs, median levels were higher in FN and especially SA than NL and JP patients (Figure 1). The median autoantibody levels in arbitrary units (in % of patients positive) for NL, JP, FN and SA RA patients were: anti-CarP IgG: 1157 (47%), 994 (43%), 1642 (58%) and 2336 (76%) (p<0.001); anti-MAA IgG: 131 (29%), 179 (22%), 251 (29%) and 257 (53%) (p<0.001); AAPA: 133 (20%), 136 (17%), 153 (38%) and 316 (28%) (p<0.001). Prevalence, meaning positivity, also differed significantly between cohorts for all AMPAs (p<0.001).There were also marked differences in total IgG levels in mean (SD) g/L: 13 (4) for NL, 17 (6) for JP, 18 (6) for FN, and 25 (8) for SA (p<0.001). When the autoantibody levels were normalized to total IgG, the differences in became less pronounced between cohorts (Figure 2). The median arbitrary units per g/L Total IgG for NL, JP, FN and SA RA patients were: anti-CarP IgG: 54, 25, 53, and 79; anti-MAA IgG: 6, 5, 8, and 9; and AAPA: 2, 2, 2, and 3, suggesting that autoantibody level differences may partly correspond to cohort-specific differences in total IgG, although the overall trend of higher levels in SA persisted. There was no association between smoking and anti-CarP or anti-MAA positivity, with pooled OR (95% CI) of 1.31 (0.79-2.18) and 0.85 (0.46-1.56), respectively. However, smoking was positively and consistently associated with AAPA positivity in each cohort: pooled OR (95% CI) of 2.01 (1.06-3.81).Conclusion:In these ACPA-positive ethnically diverse RA populations, levels and prevalence of various AMPAs differ, suggesting that ethnic background and environment may influence the development of the autoantibody response in RA. Despite these differences, our results imply smoking as a consistent risk factor for AAPA across different ethnic backgrounds.Disclosure of Interests:Emma C. de Moel: None declared, Veerle Derksen: None declared, Leendert A Trouw: None declared, Chikashi Terao: None declared, Mohammed Tikly: None declared, Hani El-Gabalawy: None declared, Holger Bang Grant/research support from: Employee of Orgentec Diagnostika, Thomas Huizinga Grant/research support from: Ablynx, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Roche, Sanofi, Consultant of: Ablynx, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Roche, Sanofi, Rene Toes: None declared, Diane van der Woude: None declared

scholarly journals Indigenous healers and stuttering

1993 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozanne Platzky ◽  
Joan Girson
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Traditional Beliefs ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Black South Africans ◽  
Speech Pathologists ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

Traditional beliefs and attitudes of Black South Africans to stuttering were investigated. Four Indigenous Healers (IHs) from different ethnic groups were interviewed about their beliefs as to cause and management of stuttering, as well as the outcome of their treatment. The data reveals varying degrees of concern about stuttering. The traditional beliefs of cause and management of stuttering show some similarities to current beliefs held by speech pathologists. Implications in terms of the direction in therapy, cooperation with IHs and future research in this field are discussed.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Genomics and Antiretroviral Therapy-Associated Metabolic Complications in HIV-Infected Black South Africans: A Pilot Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1031-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phumla Z. Sinxadi ◽  
Joel A. Dave ◽  
David C. Samuels ◽  
Jeannine M. Heckmann ◽  
Gary Maartens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomics ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Black South Africans
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